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Intro to Psychology > Lecture 4 - Developing Through Lifespans (Pt. 1) > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - Developing Through Lifespans (Pt. 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is conception?

A

The sperm and egg unite to bring genetic material together to form one organism: the zygote

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2
Q

What is the first stage of prenatal development?

A

The zygote stage

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3
Q

What is the zygote stage?

A

After the nuclei of egg and the sperm fuse, the cell divides multiple times

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4
Q

How long does the zygote stage take?

A

10-14 weeks

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5
Q

What is the second stage of prenatal development?

A

Implantation

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6
Q

What is implantation?

A

The multicellular cluster implants on the uterine wall

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7
Q

What is the milestone of implantation?

A

Differentiated cells develop into organs and bones

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8
Q

How long does implantation take?

A

2-8 weeks

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9
Q

What is the third stage of prenatal development?

A

Fetal

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10
Q

When does the fetal stage occur?

A

At 9 weeks

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11
Q

What is the milestone of the fetus?

A

By 6 months, fetus may be able to survive out of the womb

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12
Q

What are the dangers of prenatal development?

A

Teratogens and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

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13
Q

What are teratogens?

A

Substances such as viruses and chemicals that can damage developing embryos or fetuses (“Monster Makers”)

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14
Q

What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

A

Cognitive, behavioral, and body/brain structure abnormalities caused by exposure to alcohol in fetal stage

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15
Q

What are inborn skills?

A

Reflexes (responses that are inborn and did not have to be learned)

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16
Q

What is the rooting reflex?

A

When something touches a newborn’s cheek and infant turns towards the side with an open mouth

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17
Q

Why do infants cry when hungry?

A

To motivate parents to end noise and feed them

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18
Q

What is infancy?

A

Newborns growing into toddlers

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19
Q

What is childhood?

A

Toddlers growing almost into teenagers

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20
Q

What is maturation?

A

Changes that occur primarily because of the passage of time

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21
Q

What is maturation in developmental psychology?

A

Biologically-driven growth and development enabling orderly (predictably sequential) changes in behavior

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22
Q

What does maturation do in infancy and early childhood?

A

Affect brain and motor skills

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23
Q

How does the brain develop in the womb?

A

The number of neurons grow by about 750,000 new cells per minute in the middle trimester

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24
Q

How does the brain develop at birth?

A

The connections among neurons proliferate and, as we learn, we form more branches and neural networks

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25
Q

How does the brain develop at infancy?

A

The growth in neural connections takes place initially in less complex parts of brain (brainstem and limbic system), as well as motor and sensory strips

26
Q

How does the brain develop at early childhood?

A

The neural connections proliferate in association areas, which enables advancements in frontal lobe (attention and behavior) and in thinking, memory, and language

27
Q

Where does maturation take place to enable the sequence?

A

The body and cerebellum

28
Q

What is infantile amnesia?

A

When the brain forms memories so differently that most people cannot recall memories for the first 3 years of life

29
Q

What is a 3 month old’s learning capability?

A

They can learn (and recall a month later) that specific movements move specific mobiles

30
Q

What is cognition?

A

Mental activities that help us function

31
Q

Who is Jean Piaget?

A

A Swiss scientist who pioneered cognitive development

32
Q

When did Jean Piaget publish his first paper?

A

12 years old

33
Q

What did Jean Piaget study?

A

Studied children’s errors in cognition to understand how they think differently from adults

34
Q

What is a schema?

A

A mental container we build to hold our experiences

35
Q

How do infants use schemas?

A

As an early tool to organize experiences when making sense of the world

36
Q

How is a schema assimilated?

A

By categorizing something new with a similar category

37
Q

How is a schema accomodated?

A

By differentiating similar categories and putting them both in a broader schema

38
Q

When does the first stage of cognitive development occur?

A

Birth to 2 years

39
Q

What is sensorimotor?

A

Experiencing the world through senses and actions

40
Q

When does the second stage of cognitive development occur?

A

2 - 6 years

41
Q

What is preoperational?

A

Representing things (schema) with words and images, using intuitive rather than logical learning

42
Q

When does the third stage of cognitive development occur?

A

7 - 11 years

43
Q

What is concrete operational?

A

Thinking logically about concrete events, grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations

44
Q

When does the fourth stage of cognitive development occur?

A

12 years - adulthood

45
Q

What is formal operational?

A

Abstract reasoning and logic

46
Q

Who was Lev Vygotsky an alternative to?

A

Jean Piaget

47
Q

What did Lev Vygotsky study?

A

Studied children but focused on how they learn in the context of social communication

48
Q

What did Lev Vygotsky learn regarding principle?

A

Children learn thinking skills by internalizing language from others and developing inner speech

49
Q

What did Lev Vygotsky use as a metaphor for development?

A

Building on a scaffold of mentoring, language, and cognitive support

50
Q

What is stranger anxiety?

A

When infants notice and fear new people at around 9 - 13 months

51
Q

What developments correlate with time in daycare?

A

Advanced thinking skills and increased aggression/defiance

52
Q

What is an attachment?

A

An emotional tie to another person

53
Q

What experiment tested different attachment variations?

A

The “Strange Situation Procedure” by Mary Ainsworth

54
Q

How does a secure attachment manifest?

A

The child feels distress when the mother leaves the room and seeks contact when she returns

55
Q

How does an insecure (resistant) attachment manifest?

A

The child clings to the mother, does not explore the environment, is loudly upset at her departure and continues to remain upset when she returns

56
Q

How does an insecure (avoidant) attachment manifest?

A

The child is seemingly indifferent to the mother’s departure and return

57
Q

What is the pattern for secure attachment?

A

65% B, B1, B2 (easy), B3, B4 (hard)

58
Q

What is the pattern for avoidant attachment?

A

20% A, A1 (easy), A2 (hard)

59
Q

What is the pattern for resistant attachment?

A

10% C, C1, C2 (hard)

60
Q

What is the pattern for disorganized attachment?

A

5-10%

61
Q

What experiment did George, Kaplan, and Main conduct in 1985?

A

The adult attachment interview

62
Q

What is Erik Erikson’s concept of basic trust?

A

That basic trust is established by relationships with early caregiver, which also extends into feelings of whether or not the world is trustworthy.

Intro to Psychology (8 decks)

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