Lecture 1 - The Prologue Flashcards
How did Aristotle approach the human mind?
Asked questions to under the relationship between the body and psyche. Observed and made guesses.
What advancement did Wilhelm Wundt make in 1879?
Established first modern laboratory in psychology.
What was Wilhelm Wundt’s method of research?
- Carefully measured observations
- Experiments
What was Wilhelm Wundt’s 1879 experiment?
Measured time it took for people to
1. push a button when ball is heard hitting platform (0.1 sec)
2. push a button when consciously aware of ball hitting platform (0.2 sec)
What was Wilhelm Wundt examining in his 1879 experiment?
Sensation vs. perception
Who did Edward Tichener learn under?
Wilhelm Wundt
What was Edward Tichener’s method of research?
“Self-report” data and introspection
What approach did Edward Tichener create?
Structuralism
What does structuralism examine?
Elements of human culture and their relationship to the broader system.
What approach did William James develop?
Functionalism
What does functionalism examine?
The function of human thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and how they helped ancestors survive.
What is “Principles of Psychology”?
The first psychology textbook, written by William James.
What did Mary Whiton Calkins achieve in 1905?
Became first female president of APA.
Who did Mary Whiton Calkins learn under?
William James
What did Mary Whiton Calkins achieve in 1894?
Earned a PhD at Harvard University, but Trustees refused to award the degree.
What idea did Mary Whiton Calkins originate?
Paired-associate learning
What is Paired-associate learning used for?
To understand how people encode and retrieve newly formed associations among stimuli. Dominated psychology from 1900-1950.
What did Margaret Floy Washburn achieve in 1921?
Became second female APA president.
Who wrote “The Animal Mind” (1908) and “Movement and Mental Imagery” (1916)?
Margaret Floy Washburn
What did Margaret Floy Washburn achieve in 1897?
First woman to be awarded with a PhD (earned at Cornell University).
Who did Margaret Floy Washburn learn under?
Edward Tichener (although she was barred from his experimental psychology organization).
Who was the second woman to be named a Fellow of the American Academy of Sciences?
Margaret Floy Washburn
What was Francis Summer known as?
The Father of Black psychology
Where did Francis Summer earn his PhD in 1920?
Clark University
What was the title of Francis Summer’s dissertation?
“Psychoanalysis of Freud and Adler”
Who chaired (and helped found) the Howard University Psychology Department?
Francis Summers (1928-1954)
What was Wundt and Tichener’s definition of psychology?
“The science of mental life”
What was Watson and Skinner’s definition of psychology?
“The scientific study of observable behavior”
What was cognitive psychologists’ definition of psychology?
Studied mental processes, helped by neuroscience
What is the modern definition of psychology?
“The science of behaviors and mental processes”
Who were the two founders of behaviorism?
John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner
What experiment did John B. Watson conduct?
A classical conditioning experiment that taught a baby to fear bunnies by associating them with loud noises.
What experiment did B.F. Skinner conduct?
An operant conditioning experiment that taught pigeons to do amazing things to get rewards.
What did B.F. Skinner veer away from?
Natural human responses like fear.
Who is the founder of psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud
What did Sigmund Freud’s school focus on?
Study and treatment focused on the role of unconscious drives, wishes, and needs.
What did Sigmund Freud emphasize the importance of?
Childhood experiences
What did Sigmund Freud explore in his writings?
Self and society
What did Sigmund Freud’s “Civilization and its Discontents” (1929) win an award for?
Won the Goethe prize for literature (1930).
What was Freud’s purpose of psychonanalysis?
To transform neurotic suffering into ordinary human misery.
Why was humanism created?
To offer optimism in contrast to Freud’s pessimism.
Who were the founders of humanism?
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
What was Maslow and Rogers’ method of research?
Studied people who were thriving to develop theories and treatments for people to feel accepted and reach full potential.
Who were the primary explorers of “nature” in psychology?
Plato, Descartes, and Darwin
Who were the primary explorers of “nurture” in psychology?
Artistotle and John Locke
What does W.E.I.R.D. stand for?
Western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic
What is the DEEP biopsychosocial level of analysis?
Biology: genes, brains, neuro-transmitters, survival reflexes, sensation
What is the MIDDLE biopsychosocial level of analysis?
Psychology: thoughts, emotions, moods, choices, behaviors, traits, motivations, knowledge, perceptions
What is the OUTER biopsychosocial level of analysis?
Environment: social influences, culture, education, relationships
What does cognitive perspective examine?
How reliable is memory? How can we improve thinking?
What does social-cultural phenomena examine?
How could our behaviors, skills, and attitudes be “downloads” from culture?
What do behavioral genetics examine?
Could our behaviors, skills, and attitudes be genetically programmed instincts?
What does neuroscience examine?
What role do our bodies play in emotions?
What does psychodynamic phenomena examine?
Do inner childhoods still plague me and affect my behavior?
What does behaviorist phenomena examine?
How are problematic behaviors reinforced? How do fears become conditioned?
What does evolutionary phenomena examine?
Why are humans prone to panic, anger, and irrational judgements?
What are the different types of research in psychology?
Biological, developmental, cognitive, personality, social, and positive psychology
What does biological research examine in children with autism?
Structural differences in the brain
What does developmental research examine in children with autism?
Stages of cognitive and emotional development
What does cognitive research examine in children with autism?
Clarify difficulties with sarcasm
What does personality research examine in children with autism?
Decide whether traits like neuroticism need to be measured differently
What does social research examine in children with autism?
Learning social skills as procedures instead of intuition
What does positive psychology research examine in children with autism?
Explore motivations and contributions to life satisfaction
What are the different types of applied research in psychology?
Clinical, counseling, educational, industrial-organizational, and community psychology
What is an example of clinical psychology?
Using exposure therapy to decrease phobic reactions
What is an example of counseling psychology?
Helping someone achieve career goals despite family conflict and self-doubt
What is an example of educational psychology?
Evaluating aptitudes and achievement to plan for student with learning problems
What is an example of industrial-organizational psychology?
Figuring out how a factory can improve coordination of tasks, roles, and personalities
What is an example of community psychology?
Helping coordinate a city’s efforts to understand and prevent elder abuse
Who can prescribe medications?
Psychiatrists
What is SQ3R?
A studying method
