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Healthpsych122 > Lecture 7: Learning operant > Flashcards

Lecture 7: Learning operant Flashcards

0
Q

What are the 2 different ways of learning?

A

Classical and operant conditioning

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1
Q

What is learning?

A

Any enduring change in the way an organism responses based on its experience

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2
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

The learning of a new association between two previously unrelated stimuli

We learn that a stimulus predicts a certain event and we respond accordingly

All responses are reflexes

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3
Q

Who discovered classical conditioning?

A

Ivan P. Pavlov

Nobel prize for research in medical physiology

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4
Q

How is a behaviour elicited in classical conditioning?

A

It becomes elicited by a previously neutral stimulus that has acquired it’s power through an association with a biologically significant stimulus

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5
Q

What is classical conditioning the study of?

A

Reflexes or autonomic responses

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6
Q

What is the unconditioned stimulus?

A

Any stimulus that naturally elicits a behaviour

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7
Q

What is the unconditioned response?

A

The behaviour elicited by the unconditioned stimulus

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8
Q

What is the conditioned stimulus?

A

A neutral stimulus that is able to elicit behaviour only after association with the unconditioned stimulus

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9
Q

What is the conditioned response?

A

The behaviour elicits to the conditioned stimulus

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10
Q

In the example of pavlov’s dogs with the tone, what is the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR before, during and after conditioning?

A

BEFORE:
UCS = food, UCR = salivation
CS = tone, No response or irrelevant response

DURING:
CS = tone, followed by UCS (=food), elicits UCR (=salivation)

AFTER:
CS = tone, CR= salivation

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11
Q

What is acquisition?

A

Process by which the conditioned response is first elicited

Timing is critical!!!

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12
Q

What are the 5 processes of conditioning?

A 
Acquisition
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Stimulus generalisation
Stimuli discrimmination
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13
Q

What are the 4 types of conditioning in classical conditioning

A

Delay conditioning,
Trace conditioning
Simultaneous conditioning
Backward conditioning

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14
Q

What is trace conditioning?

A

The onset of the conditioned stimulus precedes the onset of the unconditioned stimulus and the tone goes off before he food powder begins

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15
Q

What is delay conditioning

A

CS comes on and stays on for a period of time before the US is presented.

16
Q

What is backward conditioning?

A

The onset of the unconditioned stimulus precedes the onset of the conditioned stimulus

17
Q

What is extinction?

A

Where after a period of times the link ( between CS and UCR) is broken this results in weakening of the conditioned response

E.g. Child stops throwing tantrums when their parents ignore the bad behaviour

18
Q

What is Simultaneous conditioning?

A

The conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus occur at the sametime

19
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

Sudden reappearance of conditioned response after a rest period without further exposure to the UCS

20
Q

What is stimulus generalisation?

A

Automatic extension of conditioned response to similar stimuli e.g. Little Albert scared of everything furry

21
Q

What is stimuli discrimination?

A

Learning to respond differently to stimuli that differ from the conditioned stimulus

22
Q

What is shaping?

A

A procedure which a complex behaviour is trained/taught by reinforcing closer and closer approximations of the desired response

E.g. Progressively training a dog to fetch the paper used to train animals to assist the disabled

23
Q

What are the reinforcement contingencies for behaviour modification and behavioural therapy?

A

How can you DEFINE the behaviour that you would like to reinforce or eliminate?

How can you define the CONTEXTS in which a behave is appropriate or inappropriate?

Have you unknowingly been REINFORCING some behaviours?

24
Q

What are the schedules of reinforcement?

A

Continuous reinforcement - reinforcer is obtained after EVERY response

Intermittent/partial reinforcement - reinforcer is NOT obtained for every response

Ratio - fixed ratio: reinforced in fixed amount e.g. Every 3rd response, commission, brief pauses
Variable ratio: on average, reinforced every 3rd response, e.g. Slot machines, (but not always on the 3rd), no pauses

Interval- fixed interval: reinforced after a fixed time period has elapsed. Few responses after each reinforcer is delivered
variable interval: reinforced after an average time period has elapsed. Responding occurs a a constant rate

25
Q

What are the consequences of behaviour

A

Reinforcement and punishment

26
Q

What is reinforcement?

A

An environmentally stimulus that occurs after behaviour and increases the likelihood that the behaviour will occur in the future

27
Q

What are the positive and negative reinforcements?

A

+ the presentation of a pleasant stimulus after behaviour

- the removal of an averse stimulus after a behaviour

28
Q

What is a punishment?

A

An environmental stimulus that occurs after behaviour and decreases the likelihood that the behaviour will occur in the future

29
Q

What are positive and negative punishments?

A

+ the presentation of an averse stimulus after a behaviour

- the removal of a pleasant stimulus after behaviour

30
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

The lower of a stimulus to evoke a response is

strengthened when the response is followed by a reward and weakened when it is not followed by a reward

31
Q

What is a reinforcement contingency?

A

A consistent relationship between a response and the changes in the environment that it produces

32
Q

What are the types of reinforces?

A

Primary reinforces- biologically determined

Secondary reinforces- token economy, money, clickers

33
Q

What are important component of reinforces?

A

Magnitude
Immediacy
Consistency and repetition of reinforcement

34
Q

What are some behavioural changes we should encourage as health professionals?

A

Not smoking
Not drinking during pregnancy
Not drinking and driving
Adherence to treatment

Healthpsych122 (23 decks)

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