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Healthpsych122 > Lecture 13: Cognition: Memory > Flashcards

Lecture 13: Cognition: Memory Flashcards

0
Q

What is encoding?

A

Getting info into the memory

Forms a mental representation

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1
Q

What are the processes of memory?

A

Encoding - put into memory
Storage - hold memory
Retrieval - recover from memory

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2
Q

What are the levels of processing?

A

Incoming information proceeds at different levels

Deeper processing = longer lasting memory codes

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3
Q

What are the levels of encoding?

A 
Structural = shallow
Phonemic = intermediate
Semantic = deep
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4
Q

What is storage?

A

Maintaining information in memory

E.g. Information storage in computers

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5
Q

What are the information processing theories?

A

Subdivide memory into different stores: sensory, short term and long term

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6
Q

What is short term memory?

A

Working memory

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7
Q

What is the relationship between short term and working memory?

A

Information goes from the sensory memory to working memory. When it moves to long term memory it can still be retrieved back to working memory

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8
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

A brief memory of a sensory experience

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9
Q

What are the different types of sensory memory?

A

Visual sensory memory (icon)
Auditory sensory memory (echo)
Others

Sensory memory occupies a large capacity, and lasts a very short duration
(0.5sec for icon, 1-2sec for echo)

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10
Q

What is short term memory?

A

Has a capacity limitation of 7 give or take 2 chunks
(A chunk is a meaningful unit, can be a single letter or group of letters, or group of words)

Duration of 20-30 seconds i,e, limited capacity and is affected by interference

Encoding tends to be acoustic, kind of like a maintenance rehearsal

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11
Q

What is long term memory?

A 
Memory which has potentially long duration (can be decades)
It has a huge capacity which includes
Past experience and events
Thoughts and feelings
Skills and abilities
Identity and sense of belief
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12
Q

What are the brain structures involved in memory?

A 
Striatum, 
prefrontal cortex, 
amygdala, 
hippocampus, 
Brainstem
Cerebellum
Thalamus
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13
Q

What are the different memory systems?

A

Explicit memory: a deliberate attempt to remember
Implicit memory: exhibited on a task that does not require intentional remembering

Declarative memory: knowing that
Procedural memory: knowing how

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14
Q

What are the dimensions of long term memory?

A

Long term memory can be branched off into declarative memory (facts and events) and procedural memory (how to do things)

Declarative memory can be further branched off into episodic memory (specific personal experiences) and sematic memory (general knowledge)

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15
Q

What has research suggested? (Memory)

A

People store different types of memories

16
Q

What is the encoding in long term memory like?

A

Tends to be semantic or episodic- i.e. Encoding is by meaning at a deeper level

Encoding can be acoustic or visual

Often enhanced by 
Elaborative rehearsal
Visual imagery
Self referenced encoding
Encoding specificity
17
Q

How can information in long term memory be retrieved?

A

Recall
Recognition
Reconstruction - piecing memory together from a few highlights, then filling in details based on what we think should have happened

18
Q

What is the relationship between recognition vs, recall in retention

A

Over time recognition has a higher percentage of retention.

There is a dramatic drop in the percentage of retention with regards to recall

19
Q

What factors affect the retrieval of long term memory?

A

Serial position
Environmental context/ state dependence
Stress and anxiety
Flashbulb memories

20
Q

What is the serial position theory?

A

This is an effect, when an individual is read a list of words, and remembers the first few and last few words the best. The middle words are often forgotten.

Remembering the first words are known as the primary effect. The tendency to recall the recent words is called the recency effect

Murdock discovered that the first words were put into long term memory, while the last words were put into working memory

21
Q

How does environmental context, or state dependence affect the ability to retrieve information from long term memory?

A

Context becomes encoded along with the material being remembered

Reinstating context often increases memory due to the recognition of context cues

Internal body states can be encoded with memories as memories are easier to retrieve when these body states are entered again.

22
Q

What is the relationship between stress and memory?

A

Moderate stress reveals the highest memory performance

23
Q

What are flashbulb memories?

A

These are emotionally driven memories which are strong, vivid, detail and usually visual. These are often memories of dramatic events

24
Q

What is the rate of forgetting?

A

It is faster right after the initial learning

Rate of forgetting slows down for more meaningful material

25
Q

What are possible causes of forgetting?

A 
Failure to encode
Decay
Interference
Retrieval failure
Motivated forgetting
26
Q

What is failure to encode?

A

Failing to effectively put material into long term memory

This is common in forgetting peoples names

27
Q

What is decay? (Memory)

A

Memory trace tends to fade over time

28
Q

What is interference? (Memory)

A

Confusion or entanglement of similar memories

Proactive interference: old memories interfere with the retention of new learning
Retroactive interference: new learning interferes with the retention of old memories

29
Q

What is retrieval failure?

A

The inability to find the necessary memory cue for retrieval.
This is sometimes temporary

30
Q

What is motivated forgetting?

A

Repression of memories, usually to avoid dealing with traumatic experiences.

31
Q

What is amnesia?

A

The failure of memory over a prolonged period, caused by physical injury, disease, drug use, trauma.

32
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

A loss of memory of events preceding a trauma

33
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

loss of memory for events immediately following a trauma; sometimes in effect for events during and for a long time following the trauma

Healthpsych122 (23 decks)

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