Lecture 7 - Language, Education, and Work Flashcards
Why is crying important?
Increases infant-parent bond
Language development according to Skinner
Learn to speak through being reinforced for making sounds
Language development according to Chomsky
Inborn language acquisition device
Language development according to today’s views. Explain the social-interactionist perspective
Speech is a social function > Babies and adults have a mutual passion to communicate
Language at 3 months
Cooing, different crying for different reasons
Language at 6 months
Gurgle, babble
Language at 12 months
Try imitating speech, one word sentences, understand simple instructions and recognize common words
Language at 18 months
Recognize names of familiar people/objects, gestures
Language at 24 months
Use simple phrases, 2 word sentences, 50+ words
What is vocabulary spurt?
From 1.5 years vocabulary acquisition increases by a lot
Which are typical speech errors children make around 3? Why do they make these errors during this period?
They make the errors because they lean new grammatical rules.
Overregulation - overgeneralizing global rules about tenses or plural,
Over-extension - too broad use of a verbal category,
Under-extension - too narrow use of verbal categories
Phonology at old age
No change, only becomes difficult to distinguish sounds because of hearing impairments or cognitive impairments
What is IQ a predictor of?
Academic performance and development
Intelligence according to Spearman
General mental abilities of an individual
g- general mental ability > contributes to different tasks
s - special abilities > useful for specific tasks
Types of intelligence according to Horn & Catell
Fluid intelligence + crystalized intelligence
Types of intelligence according to Sternberg
Analytic, creative, practical
Who introduced emotional/social intelligence (EQ)?
Salovey & Mayer
What are verbal subscales and what is their role in IQ measurement?
Vocabulary, comprehension, similarities > logical and abstract thinking, judgment
What are nonverbal subscales and what is their role in IQ measurement?
Block deign > visual-motor coordination, visual perception
Why are IQ tests flawed?
Westernized, focuses only on cognitive skills
What is the Flynn effect? What could explain it?
Increase in IQ scores over the years. Cohort effects > better education, more people educated, economic conditions…….
What is the dual-component model of intelligence?
Mechanics - Fluid intelligence
Pragmatic - Crystallized intelligence
What happens to children from low-income families during preschool?
Lag behind and are more likely to attend poor quality kindergartens
How do teacher’s characteristics influence student achievement?
Good quality of teaching and high cognitive skills of teacher predict good student achievement
What are characteristics of effective teachers?
Emphasis on academics, task-oriented, effective management of discipline problems, atmosphere of social cohesion
When are educational programs most effective?
When they are individualized and match developmental tendencies and needs
What is characteristic of work in middle adulthood?
Peak in position and earning, however, also experience most financial burdens
What is work identity?
People define themselves in a fundamental way by their work
What expectations about work have changed in newer generations?
Newer generations prefer greater flexibility and control
What are factors that impair intrinsic work satisfaction?
Role ambiguity, role overload, role conflict, work life conflict
What are factors that influence job success?
Personality, person-environment fit, cognitive ability, contextual factors
What are the challenges of retirement?
Adjustment to the loss of work role, developing a satisfying a meaningful lifestyle in retirement
Which are the phases of retirement?
- Retirement phase,
- Honeymoon phase,
- Disenchantment phase,
- Reorientation phase
