Lecture 7 - Language, Education, and Work

Question 1

Why is crying important?

Answer 1

Increases infant-parent bond

Question 2

Language development according to Skinner

Answer 2

Learn to speak through being reinforced for making sounds

Question 3

Language development according to Chomsky

Answer 3

Inborn language acquisition device

Question 4

Language development according to today’s views. Explain the social-interactionist perspective

Answer 4

Speech is a social function > Babies and adults have a mutual passion to communicate

Question 5

Language at 3 months

Answer 5

Cooing, different crying for different reasons

Question 6

Language at 6 months

Answer 6

Gurgle, babble

Question 7

Language at 12 months

Answer 7

Try imitating speech, one word sentences, understand simple instructions and recognize common words

Question 8

Language at 18 months

Answer 8

Recognize names of familiar people/objects, gestures

Question 9

Language at 24 months

Answer 9

Use simple phrases, 2 word sentences, 50+ words

Question 10

What is vocabulary spurt?

Answer 10

From 1.5 years vocabulary acquisition increases by a lot

Question 11

Which are typical speech errors children make around 3? Why do they make these errors during this period?

Answer 11

They make the errors because they lean new grammatical rules.
Overregulation - overgeneralizing global rules about tenses or plural,
Over-extension - too broad use of a verbal category,
Under-extension - too narrow use of verbal categories

Question 12

Phonology at old age

Answer 12

No change, only becomes difficult to distinguish sounds because of hearing impairments or cognitive impairments

Question 13

What is IQ a predictor of?

Answer 13

Academic performance and development

Question 14

Intelligence according to Spearman

Answer 14

General mental abilities of an individual
g- general mental ability > contributes to different tasks
s - special abilities > useful for specific tasks

Question 15

Types of intelligence according to Horn & Catell

Answer 15

Fluid intelligence + crystalized intelligence

Question 16

Types of intelligence according to Sternberg

Answer 16

Analytic, creative, practical

Question 17

Who introduced emotional/social intelligence (EQ)?

Answer 17

Salovey & Mayer

Question 18

What are verbal subscales and what is their role in IQ measurement?

Answer 18

Vocabulary, comprehension, similarities > logical and abstract thinking, judgment

Question 19

What are nonverbal subscales and what is their role in IQ measurement?

Answer 19

Block deign > visual-motor coordination, visual perception

Question 20

Why are IQ tests flawed?

Answer 20

Westernized, focuses only on cognitive skills

Question 21

What is the Flynn effect? What could explain it?

Answer 21

Increase in IQ scores over the years. Cohort effects > better education, more people educated, economic conditions…….

Question 22

What is the dual-component model of intelligence?

Answer 22

Mechanics - Fluid intelligence

Pragmatic - Crystallized intelligence

Question 23

What happens to children from low-income families during preschool?

Answer 23

Lag behind and are more likely to attend poor quality kindergartens

Question 24

How do teacher’s characteristics influence student achievement?

Answer 24

Good quality of teaching and high cognitive skills of teacher predict good student achievement

Question 25

What are characteristics of effective teachers?

Answer 25

Emphasis on academics, task-oriented, effective management of discipline problems, atmosphere of social cohesion

Question 26

When are educational programs most effective?

Answer 26

When they are individualized and match developmental tendencies and needs

Question 27

What is characteristic of work in middle adulthood?

Answer 27

Peak in position and earning, however, also experience most financial burdens

Question 28

What is work identity?

Answer 28

People define themselves in a fundamental way by their work

Question 29

What expectations about work have changed in newer generations?

Answer 29

Newer generations prefer greater flexibility and control

Question 30

What are factors that impair intrinsic work satisfaction?

Answer 30

Role ambiguity, role overload, role conflict, work life conflict

Question 31

What are factors that influence job success?

Answer 31

Personality, person-environment fit, cognitive ability, contextual factors

Question 32

What are the challenges of retirement?

Answer 32

Adjustment to the loss of work role, developing a satisfying a meaningful lifestyle in retirement

Question 33

Which are the phases of retirement?

Answer 33

1. Retirement phase,
2. Honeymoon phase,
3. Disenchantment phase,
4. Reorientation phase