Lecture 5 - Cognitive Development (Piaget) Flashcards
Which are the stages of development?
Sensorimotor, pre operational, concrete operational, formal operational
What are schema?
Piece of knowledge
What is assimilation?
Use of existing schema in an new situation
What is accommodation?
When an existing schema does not work, it needs to be changed to deal with a new situation
What is equilibration?
Balance between assimilation and accommodation
What happens during the sensorimotor stage? (0-2yrs)
Learn with senses and motor skills.
Cannot imagine other’s intentions and emotions.
Circular responses - develop through repetitive behavior
What is object permanence? When does it develop?
Understanding that something exists when it is out of sight. 9 months
How does Piaget explain the A-not-B error?
He explains it as immature object permanence
What are some counterarguments against Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?
Infants grasp the basics of physical reality before age,
Understanding of physical reality develops gradually,
What happens in the preoperational stage? (2-7yrs)
Lear use of symbols and language > play pretend,
Ability to refer to past/future,
Intuitive reasoning > magical thinking,
When do children use primitive reasoning and avid acquisition of word knowledge?
During the preoperational phase
What are feelings of participation?
Child believes he/she participates dynamically participate in the actions of nature > belief in magic
(during preoperational phase)
What is animinsm?
Child thinks that things are conscious and alive
during preoperational phase
What is artificialism?
Child thinks everything is willed, intentional and organized for the good of man
(during preoperational phase)
What is finalism?
Child thinks that everything has an explanation
during preoperational phase
What is transductive reasoning?
Combining unrelated facts leading to draw a faulty cause
during preoperational phase
What is magical thinking a consequence of?
Animinsm during preoperational stage
What is the advantage of having an imaginary friend?
Advanced cognitive and social development, higher levels of creativity, engage in more private speech
What do children in the preoperational phase lack?
Conservation
Why do children in the preoperational phase not understand conservation?
Centering - attention goes to visually most salient parts (only focus on one problem),
Irreversibility - can’t reverse change mentally,
Static thought - thought is fixed on end states
Identity constancy is an example of conservation. What exactly is it?
People remain the same despite changes in appearance
Explain the egocentric perspective
Inability to understand that other people have different points of view
Why do children in the preoperational phase fail the three mountains test?
Because of their egocentric perspective
What happens in the concrete operational phase? (7-12yrs)
Logical reasoning and categorizing,
Realistic understanding,
Conservation,
Classification
What is classification?
Consideration of interrelations and see different sets and subsets (e.g. family tree)
What is the understanding of class inclusion and when does it develop?
Type of classification; logical understanding that parts are included in the whole
What is seriation?
Compare and group length
during concrete operational phase
What is transitivity?
Ability to logically combine relations to reach certain conclusions
(during concrete operational phase)
What happens during the formal operational phase? (from 12 yrs)
Hypothetical and abstract thinking,
Approach problems in a systematic way
When do children develop hypothetical-deductive reasoning? Explain it.
During the formal operational phase. They can explore hypothetical/possible realities
What is adolescence egocentrism?
Heightened self-consciousness
What is idealistic thinking and when do children develop it?
Inventing perfect worlds and envisioning logical solutions to problems detected in the imperfect world around. During formal operations phase.
What is post-formal thought?
1
During post formal thought relativistic thinking and dialectic thinking develop. Explain the two terms
1
Do older adults go backwards in the stages?
1
