Lecture 5 - Cognitive Development (Piaget)

Question 1

Which are the stages of development?

Answer 1

Sensorimotor, pre operational, concrete operational, formal operational

Question 2

What are schema?

Answer 2

Piece of knowledge

Question 3

What is assimilation?

Answer 3

Use of existing schema in an new situation

Question 4

What is accommodation?

Answer 4

When an existing schema does not work, it needs to be changed to deal with a new situation

Question 5

What is equilibration?

Answer 5

Balance between assimilation and accommodation

Question 6

What happens during the sensorimotor stage? (0-2yrs)

Answer 6

Learn with senses and motor skills.
Cannot imagine other’s intentions and emotions.
Circular responses - develop through repetitive behavior

Question 7

What is object permanence? When does it develop?

Answer 7

Understanding that something exists when it is out of sight. 9 months

Question 8

How does Piaget explain the A-not-B error?

Answer 8

He explains it as immature object permanence

Question 9

What are some counterarguments against Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?

Answer 9

Infants grasp the basics of physical reality before age,

Understanding of physical reality develops gradually,

Question 10

What happens in the preoperational stage? (2-7yrs)

Answer 10

Lear use of symbols and language > play pretend,
Ability to refer to past/future,
Intuitive reasoning > magical thinking,

Question 11

When do children use primitive reasoning and avid acquisition of word knowledge?

Answer 11

During the preoperational phase

Question 12

What are feelings of participation?

Answer 12

Child believes he/she participates dynamically participate in the actions of nature > belief in magic
(during preoperational phase)

Question 13

What is animinsm?

Answer 13

Child thinks that things are conscious and alive

during preoperational phase

Question 14

What is artificialism?

Answer 14

Child thinks everything is willed, intentional and organized for the good of man
(during preoperational phase)

Question 15

What is finalism?

Answer 15

Child thinks that everything has an explanation

during preoperational phase

Question 16

What is transductive reasoning?

Answer 16

Combining unrelated facts leading to draw a faulty cause

during preoperational phase

Question 17

What is magical thinking a consequence of?

Answer 17

Animinsm during preoperational stage

Question 18

What is the advantage of having an imaginary friend?

Answer 18

Advanced cognitive and social development, higher levels of creativity, engage in more private speech

Question 19

What do children in the preoperational phase lack?

Answer 19

Conservation

Question 20

Why do children in the preoperational phase not understand conservation?

Answer 20

Centering - attention goes to visually most salient parts (only focus on one problem),
Irreversibility - can’t reverse change mentally,
Static thought - thought is fixed on end states

Question 21

Identity constancy is an example of conservation. What exactly is it?

Answer 21

People remain the same despite changes in appearance

Question 22

Explain the egocentric perspective

Answer 22

Inability to understand that other people have different points of view

Question 23

Why do children in the preoperational phase fail the three mountains test?

Answer 23

Because of their egocentric perspective

Question 24

What happens in the concrete operational phase? (7-12yrs)

Answer 24

Logical reasoning and categorizing,
Realistic understanding,
Conservation,
Classification

Question 25

What is classification?

Answer 25

Consideration of interrelations and see different sets and subsets (e.g. family tree)

Question 26

What is the understanding of class inclusion and when does it develop?

Answer 26

Type of classification; logical understanding that parts are included in the whole

Question 27

What is seriation?

Answer 27

Compare and group length

during concrete operational phase

Question 28

What is transitivity?

Answer 28

Ability to logically combine relations to reach certain conclusions
(during concrete operational phase)

Question 29

What happens during the formal operational phase? (from 12 yrs)

Answer 29

Hypothetical and abstract thinking,

Approach problems in a systematic way

Question 30

When do children develop hypothetical-deductive reasoning? Explain it.

Answer 30

During the formal operational phase. They can explore hypothetical/possible realities

Question 31

What is adolescence egocentrism?

Answer 31

Heightened self-consciousness

Question 32

What is idealistic thinking and when do children develop it?

Answer 32

Inventing perfect worlds and envisioning logical solutions to problems detected in the imperfect world around. During formal operations phase.

Question 33

What is post-formal thought?

Answer 33

1

Question 34

During post formal thought relativistic thinking and dialectic thinking develop. Explain the two terms

Answer 34

1

Question 35

Do older adults go backwards in the stages?

Answer 35

1