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Developmental Psychology > Lecture 3 - Prenatal Development and Pregnancy > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Prenatal Development and Pregnancy Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the importance of prenatal development?

A

Fastest growth of body and brain, basis for further development

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2
Q

What is conception?

A

The fusion of 1 egg cell and 1 sperm cell, happens during ovulation

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3
Q

What is a zygote?

A

Fertilized egg cells

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4
Q

Why is the zygote diploid?

A

Contains 46 chromosomes, carries the complete genetic material

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5
Q

What is a gamete?

A

Sperm or egg

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6
Q

Why is the gamete haploid?

A

Contains 23 chromosomes, half of the genetic material necessary to form an organism

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7
Q

Why are monozygotic twins identical?

A

They develop form 1 egg cell and 1 sperm cell

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8
Q

Which chromosome is the sex chromosome?

A

23 - only chromosome not necessary for survival

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9
Q

Explain the (XXY) Klinefelter syndrome?

A

Affects men.
Long body and limbs, low testosterone, fertility problems.
XXXY or XXXXY forms have lower IQ.
Requires hormone therapy

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10
Q

Explain the (X0) Turner syndrome

A

Affects females with only 1 X chromosome. Underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics, low estrogen, fertility problems, short body and limbs

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11
Q

Explain Trisomy 21 (aka Down Syndrome)

A

There are three 21 chromosomes.
Dependent on the age of the mother.
Intellectual disability, short body, lower life expectancy, higher risk of Alzheimer’s

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12
Q

What is chorionic villus sampling (CVS)?

A

Withdrawal of cells from placenta, increases chance of miscarriage

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13
Q

Nuchal fold thickness

A

Fluid of the neck > If thicker there is a change for Down syndrome

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14
Q

Which are the phases of prenatal development?

A

Germinal (0-2), embryonic (3-8), fetal (9-40)

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15
Q

What happens during the germinal phase?

A

Development into blastocyst. It’s a very sensitive phase, high chance of miscarriage.

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16
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

Layered cell mass with a cavity > later forms the embryo

17
Q

Which are the layers of the blastocyst?

A

Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

18
Q

What is the endoderm layer?

A

Becomes the digestive and respiratory system

19
Q

What is the mesoderm layer?

A

Becomes the muscles and skeletal system

20
Q

What is the ectoderm layer?

A

Becomes the skin and nervous system

21
Q

What is organogenesis?

A

Formation of organs

22
Q

When does the circulatory system form?

A

3rd week - baby hooks up to maternal blood system

23
Q

___ folds into the neural tube

A

The ectoderm

24
Q

Which are the 3 principles of prenatal development?

A

Proximodistal order (from in to out), cephalocaudal order (from top to bottom), mass to specific (from rough to detailed)

25
Q

Which are the steps of the development of neuronal networks in the fetal phase?

A

Neurulation, neuronal proliferation, neural migration

26
Q

What happens during neurolation?

A

Formation of the neural tube

27
Q

What happens during neuronal proliferation?

A

Fast formation of neurons (embryonic and fetal phase)

28
Q

What happens during neural migration?

A

Neurons go to the right areas of the brain and begin to form connections

29
Q

What is the age of viability?

A

22-23 weeks

30
Q

Define the term teratogen

A

Substance that cross the placenta and are harmful influences on the unborn child

31
Q

When are teratogens most harmful and why?

A

During the embryonic phase. Because that’s when the organs and brain start to form

32
Q

When do teratogens affect brain development the most?

A

2nd and 3rd trimester

33
Q

Why are teratogens dose dependent?

A

The more a mother uses a harmful substance, the stronger the effects and higher the risks

34
Q

The severity of teratogens depend on individual differences. Why?

A

It depends on fetal and maternal genetic vulnerabilities

35
Q

What was the harmful effect of Softenon?

A

Birth of children with missing or underdeveloped limbs

36
Q

What are the consequences of smoking during pregnancy?

A

Nicotine constricts blood vessels > reduced blood flow > less nutrition and oxygen

37
Q

When is nicotine’s effect the strongest during pregnancy?

A

3rd trimester

38
Q

What are the consequences of nicotine consumption during pregnancy?

A

Increased risk of miscarriage, premature birth, asthma, cognitive problems, behavioral regulation problems

Developmental Psychology (14 decks)

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