Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Developmental Psychology > Lecture 6 - Memory and Executive Functions > Flashcards

Lecture 6 - Memory and Executive Functions Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

When does the prefrontal cortex peak in synaptic density?

A

At 1 year old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When does the prefrontal cortex reach adult level of synaptic density?

A

At 15 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

A

Organizes thoughts, remember facts, start and complete tasks, tell stories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are executive functions (EF)? Give examples too

A

Higher cognitive functions; cognitive sills guiding goal-directed behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Explain flexibility/shifting

A

Shift between thoughts. 3-4 yr olds can already do it, then steady increase with age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Explain inhibition

A

Ability to stop/suppress actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Explain planning

A

The ability to plan actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Explain working memory/updating

A

Type of short-term memory, “updating”.
Mastering of WM tasks depend on their complexity.
Develops slowly. Capacity diminishes with age.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How to improve short-term memory span?

A

Rehearsal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which are the two main categories of long-term memory?

A

Explicit (declarative) and Implicit (nondeclarative) memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which are the subcategories of explicit (declarative) memory?

A

Semantic memory - facts,

Episodic memory - events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which are the subcategories of implicit (non declarative) memory?

A

Procedural - skills and procedures

etc. (others are not discussed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Explain procedural memory

A

Automatic, unconscious memory (often motor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Explain semantic memory

A

Knowledge of facts, concepts, word meanings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Explain episodic memory

A

Remembering events and details from the past

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Procedural memory in old age

A

Implicit memory capacity changes little. Only issue that could hinder it is biological decline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Semantic memory in old age

A

It’s preserved with age, some parts even expand (vocab, history). But older adults show difficulties when the info needs to be accessed rapidly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which are the encoding strategies? Explain them

A

Use of mental activities to improve processing of information.
Rehearsal - for short-term memory,
Organization - for long-term m,
Elaboration - for long-term m

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Episodic memory in adolescence

A

New strategies develop during adolescence. More deliberate and more selective

20
Q

Episodic memory during adulthood

A

Decline towards older years. Magnitude of decline depends on the nature of the task and method of testing.

21
Q

What are the age differences in episodic memory?

A

The differences are mostly in the ability to recall (not in recognition)

22
Q

What is the associative deficit hypothesis?

A

There is no age difference in recognition, it is actually the association (name and face for example) what is difficult for older people

23
Q

Which are the four hypotheses about memory improvement and decline?

A
  1. Changing in basic capacities
  2. Changing memory strategies
  3. Knowledge of memory
  4. Knowledge of the world
24
Q

Explain the changes in basic capacities hypothesis

A

Brain changes, change in working memory space for manipulating and processing information

25
Q

Explain the changes in memory strategies hypothesis

A

Development of effective methods for storing and retrieving information

26
Q

Explain the knowledge of memory hypothesis

A

This knowledge results in selecting appropriate strategies to learn

27
Q

Explain the knowledge of the truth hypothesis

A

The more familiarized we become with the world, the easier it is for us to learn and remember

28
Q

What are contextual factors in aging in regards to memory?

A

Characteristics of learner, characteristics of task/situation, environmental differences > Biological and environmental factors

29
Q

What declines and what increases in the midlife intersection?

A

Decline: functional health, speed of processing, working memory

Increase: knowledge, experience, emotional regulation

30
Q

Is it possible to minimize or slow down decline in midlife with protective resources?

A

Yes, by adapting our lifestyle (healthy) and interventions cam also help

31
Q

What are strategy-based interventions?

A

Rehearsal, organization, visual imagery, Method of Loci, Peg-Word Mnemonic > teach strategies

32
Q

What are process-specific interventions?

A

Training of specific processing systems without providing explicit strategy info

33
Q

What is the difference between working memory and short-term memory span?

A

Working memory is the active treatment of information; short-term memory is passive retaining of info for 30 seconds.
Short-term memory span is also less affected by age.

34
Q

Which type of long-term memory develops earlier?

A

Implicit procedural (bc of conditioning) - 2.5 months

35
Q

Changes in basic capacities during childhood

A

Not much change in sensory register and LTM, encoding improves, speed of mental processes improves

36
Q

Changes in basic capacities in older age

A

Decline in sensory abilities, decline in working memory, inhibition deficit, reduced speed of processing

37
Q

Why does working memory decline in older age?

A

The prefrontal cortex is not as good anymore

38
Q

What happens to memory strategies in older age?

A

Adults do not use them spontaneously, however, when prompted to use one they show improvement

39
Q

What is the effect of metamemory awareness in childhood?

A

Those children who have metamemory awareness have better memory ability but they must be motivated to use the appropriate strategy

40
Q

What is the prospective memory paradox?

A

When tested in a lab young adults outperform old adults. However when tested in naturalistic contexts older adults perform better than young adults

41
Q

What is needed to carry out everyday activities?

A

Intact cognitive abilities

42
Q

Biological markers of cellular aging. Shorten with age

A

Telomeres

43
Q

What are predictors of leukocyte telomere length?

A

Healthy behaviors > longer

44
Q

What lowers the risk of dementia and increases cognition in older age?

A

Exercise and physical fitness during middle age

45
Q

Which memory improvement intervention is better? Strategy or process?

A

Magnitude - both are good,
Maintenance - process better (more researched so not sure),
Transfer - process better

Developmental Psychology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions