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Developmental Psychology > Lecture 4 - Biological, Motor, ans Sensory Development > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - Biological, Motor, ans Sensory Development Flashcards

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1
Q

List the principles of growth

A

Cephalocaudal principle, proximodistal principle, orthogenetic principle

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2
Q

What is the cephalocaudal principle?

A

Growth in a head-to-tail direction

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3
Q

What is the proximodistal principle?

A

Growth from central to peripheral direction

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4
Q

What is the orthogenetic principle?

A

From global to differentiated and hierarchical direction

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5
Q

Why is the pituitary gland the master gland?

A

Triggers the release of hormones from all other glands

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6
Q

Which gland is directly triggering the release of growth hormones?

A

Pituitary gland

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7
Q

What it the thyroid gland?

A

Involved in growth and development

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8
Q

What is the effect of thyroid deficiency during infancy?

A

Intellectual disability and slow growth

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9
Q

Male hormones

A

Testosterone and androgen

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10
Q

Female hormones

A

Estrogen and progesterone

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11
Q

What is Hebb’s law?

A

Neurons that fire together wire together

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12
Q

Why is repetition important for learning according to Hebb’s law?

A

Neurons that are used repeatedly to perform a function become connected to facilitate performing the function

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13
Q

Explain synaptic pruning

A

Old connections are deleted > Use it or lose it

Account for specializing our brains

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14
Q

Wha is synaptogenesis?

A

Synapse formation

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15
Q

What is myelination?

A

Isolation of neurons

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16
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

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17
Q

What is the effect of myelination of the prefrontal cortex?

A

Abstract thinking in adolescence

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18
Q

Why do adults have a better ability to integrate thought and emotions than adolescents?

A

Because myelination continues into adulthood

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19
Q

What are the functions of the left hemisphere?

A

Sequential processing, analytical reasoning, language processing

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20
Q

What are the functions of the right hemisphere?

A

Simultaneous processing

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21
Q

What is gyrification?

A

Cortical folding; allows foe larger cortical surface area > greater cortical functioning

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22
Q

When do babies stop being able to differentiate sounds?

A

10-12 months

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23
Q

Which brain region has the most prolonged development?

A

Prefrontal cortex

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24
Q

When is the peak year of synaptic density?

A

1st year

25
Q

What is the sensitive period?

A

Window of time during which an individual is more affected by experience > higher level of plasticity

26
Q

What is brain atrophy and when does it occur?

A

Shrinkage of the brain during older age

27
Q

What is the benefit of brain plasticity (in injury)?

A

Some brain areas can take over the function of other injured areas

28
Q

Which brain structures shrink in older age?

A

PFC and hippocampus

29
Q

What is the difference between more fit and physically active adults and their less fit counterparts?

A

More fit older adults have greater brain volumes
Greater grey matter value in PFC
Greater hippocampal volume > memory

30
Q

Which are the core mechanics of brain development?

A

Synaptogenesis, synaptic pruning, myelination, brain lateralization, gyrification

31
Q

Which are the newborn reflexes?

A

Rooting, sucking, grasping, moro, babinsky, stepping, diving, tonic neck

32
Q

Explain primitive reflexes

A

Not clearly useful, remnants of evolutionary history without purpose
Forerunner of useful voluntary behavior, that develop later

33
Q

What is the Babinski reflex?

A

Fanning then curling toes when bottom of foot is stroked

34
Q

Why are newborn reflexes important?

A

Indicate status of nervous system

35
Q

What is the Moro reflex?

A

Loud noise or sudden change in position of head causes baby to throw arms outward

36
Q

Why do reflexes disappear?

A

Automatic processes are replaced by conscious cortical behavior > Spinal cord/brain stem replaced by cerebral cortex

37
Q

Why don’t infant reflexes match the definition of a reflex?

A

Depend on activation status, reactions are adjustable, reactions are influenced by habituation and learning

38
Q

When are fetuses able to discriminate different tones?

A

4 months

39
Q

What does increased prevalence of impaction mean?

A

Earwax becomes more concentrated, hard and impacted

40
Q

Hy does hearing become worse in older age?

A

Collapsed ear canal, increased prevalence of impaction, reduced hair cell population, spiral ganglion cell los (decline in word recognition)

41
Q

Which flavors do newborns prefer?

A

Sweet

42
Q

What happens to smell and taste in older age?

A

Decline in sensitivity, production of less saliva, detecting/remembering pleasant odors declines

43
Q

Why might skin-to-skin contact impact brain development?

A

Makes babies calmer and sleep better

44
Q

When does vision fully develop?

A

1 years

45
Q

When does form perception develop?

A

3 months

46
Q

When does meaningful face perception develop?

A

2-3 months

47
Q

What is social referencing?

A

Checkin other’s emotions when confronted with a new objet/situation

48
Q

What happens to vision during older age?

A

Swelling of cornea and reduction in cell density, increased intraocular pressure, presbyopia (aging of the eye)

49
Q

What happens with movement during old age?

A

Balance system decreases, reduction in muscle strength, stiffness

50
Q

When does the release of adrenal hormones begin and peak?

A

Early 20s

51
Q

What is the peaking of adrenal hormones called?

A

Adrenache

52
Q

What is the HPG axis?

A

In charge of increased production of gonadal hormones > responsible for sexual maturation

53
Q

What is the most important force predicting a child’s puberty timetable?

A

Genetics

54
Q

Early developing boys are ___

A

Socially competent, greater social acceptance

Increased risk of earlier substance abuse and problem behaviors

55
Q

Late developing boys are ____

A

More anxious, lower elf–esteem

56
Q

Early developing girls are ____

A

Teased, higher levels of body dissatisfaction, socialize with older peers, higher levels of depression

57
Q

Late developing girls are ____

A

Outperform peers, anxiety

58
Q

What is menopause and what are its consequences?

A

End of menstrual period and reproductive cycle.

Female hormone levels decline, depressive mood

59
Q

What is andropause and what are its consequences?

A

Decrease in testosterone level, low libido, fatigue, erection problems

Developmental Psychology (14 decks)

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