Lecture 7 - Joints Flashcards
What are the three types of joint?
Which ones allow movement and which allow little to no movement?
Cartilaginous - held by cartilage e.g pubic symphysis
Fibrous - joined by fibrous connective tissue rich in collagen fibres e.g skull at coronal suture
Synovial - held by connective tissue within a capsule and often by ligaments
Cartilaginous and fibrous - little/no movement
Synovial - movement
What are synovial joints surrounded by? Why?
Articular capsule, it reduces friction and shock
Describe the structure of synovial joints
Between bone and bone, each end is surrounded by cartilage and synovial membrane, and in between this is synovial fluid for lubrication. There is also a fibrous joint capsule going from outer bone to outer bone below or above the ligament (crucial ligs on inside to stop rotation/slipping of bone). There is also tendon joining muscle to bone.
Why is warming up in exercise important?
It encourages production and secretion of synovial fluid, meaning there is less stress and more phagocytotic cells to remove debris and microbes
What are ligaments and tendons made of?
What is the stage from collagen molecules to tendons?
- of ligs/tens make * *
Collagen
Collagen molecules; fibrils; fibres; fasicle; tendon/ligament
Fibroblasts; collagen molecules
What are the differences between ligaments and tendons?
Ligaments - fibroblasts dispersed, collagen less organised, elastic and strong
Tendons - fibroblasts in parallel rows, collagen well organised, non elastic and tough
What is cartilage made of?
What is the matrix made of?
Collagen, elastic fibres and proteoglycan (heavily glycosylated proteins)
Matrix produced by chondroblasts that become chondrocytes, no blood vessels
What are the three main types of cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage
Hyaline cartilage is the most * and is in **
** is an example
Abundant; many locations
Articular cartilage
What are the properties of fibrocartilage?
Strongest type, is in invertebral discs, tendon/cartilage interface and many more
What is elastic cartilage not associated with?
Where can it be found?
What is the main property?
Bone
Eustachian tube
Flexible
What is the difference between micro and macroscopic tendon failure?
What is the non surgical treatment?
Micro - several or single fibres
Macro - whole tendon
RICE
How do you repair damaged ligaments?
Surgically - auto or allograft replacement (often from patella or hamstring tendon)
Can be synthetic and screwed into place
What mechanical adaptations to tendons happen during strength/endurance training?
Remodelling via increased collagen turnover - anabolism dominates and the crosslinks increase
Also tendon fibroblasts sense/respond to stretch, and alter expression of extracellular matrix
How does exercise affect ligaments, cartilage and synovial fluid?
Ligaments - increase strength and flexibility
Cartilage - increases thickness for protection and lower injury risk
Synovial fluid - increases production for lube/cushioning/shock absorption
What are the 6 synovial joint classifications? Give an example for each and how they move
Ball and socket - shoulder
Pivot - radius, rotation
Hinge - elbow, unidirectional
Planar - intercarpal, gliding
Condyloid - hands, movement in different planes
Saddle - thumb, two direct movements/opposable
Complex movements:
Gliding has no **
Rotation is around *
Angular is considered relative to * position (midline is * of body, * is outside)
OR anatomical * (* is horizontal, * is horizontal in relation to * and * is vertical birds eye)
Angle change
Axis
Anatomical; medial; lateral
Plane; transverse; coronal; sagittal
What does angular movement include? (6)
Flexion - decrease in angle between articulating bones
Extension - increase in angle, often to restore anatomical position
Hyperextension - beyond anatomical position
Abduction - bone movement away from midline
Adduction- bone movement toward midline
Circumduction - movement of distal part of bone in a circle
Motion and movement is often dependant on * and * movement, where * indicates / and * indicates movement around a * *
Linear; angular
Linear; speed/direction
Angular; fixed point
What is the push/pull effect governed by?
Size and direction of the force
How do muscles provide force and movement?
Give an example of the classes and the type of muscle representing it
Using lever systems
1st class - resistance downwards (head weight) and effort downwards, pivot in centre e.g neck
2nd class - pivot on end, resistance downward in middle and effort upward on other end e.g toe is pivot and heel is resistance (body weight)
3rd class - pivot at end, effort going upwards within the resistance, resistance going down e.g bicep curl
3rd class levers are the **, have * resistance and need * effort to move
They have no * advantage but * muscle contraction produces * distance movement
Most common; lower; more
Mechanical; small; larger
