Lecture 15 - Exercise, Aging And Disease Flashcards
Define physical activity
Define physical inactivity
Define exercise
Define physical fitness
Muscle movement that increases energy expenditure
Any decrease in body movement that produces decrease in energy expenditure towards basal level
Structured and repetitive physical activity designed to improve physical fitness
How well someone performs physical activity
Define health
Define health span
Define lifespan
Physical mental and social well-being
Duration of a person’s life that they remain in excellent health
Duration of a person’s life
Give four diseases associated with sedentary lifestyle
Hypertension
Immune deficiency
Obesity
Sarcopenia
Define sedentary death syndrome
Death due to lack of physical activity
Define adaptive thermogenesis
Slowing or increasing of metabolism relating to energy expenditure, using signals from blood nutrients and leptin from adipocytes, controlled by hypothalamus which activates sympathetic nervous system
How is energy utilised?
Adaptive thermogenesis (variable, responds to diet and temp, regulated by hypothalamus)
Obligatory energy expenditure (required for cell and organ function)
Activity
What is leptin and what does it do?
Produced by white adipose tissue; part of endocrine system
Acts on Ob-Rb receptors in the hypothalamus
Decreases food intake and increases energy expenditure
Amount of leptin changes based on amount of fat in white adipose tissue
What happened to the ob-rb mouse?
It had a mutation in the gene encoding lectin, causing it to be extremely obese and have lowered energy expenditure, and Type II diabetes
What happens in regards to leptin in weight loss?
What happens in weight gain?
What happens if an obese person is leptin resistant?
Smaller/fewer adipocytes means less leptin, which signals to the hypothalamus to increase food intake and decrease energy expenditure.
Bigger/more adipocytes signals the opposite
If leptin resistant, the signal is ineffective
What are carbs absorbed as, stored as, what are the storage sites and what is the fate of excess?
Absorbed as: Glucose
Stored as: Glycogen
Storage sites: Liver and muscle
Excess: Converted to lipid
What are lipids absorbed as, stored as, what are the storage sites and what is the fate of excess?
Absorbed as: Fatty acids, cholesterol and phospholipids
Stored as: Triglycerides
Storage sites: Liver, mainly adipose tissue, others
Excess: Stored in virtually unlimited quantities as triglycerides
What are proteins absorbed as, stored as, what are the storage sites and what is the fate of excess?
Absorbed as: Amino acids
Stored as: Protein
Storage sites: Very limited in all cells
Excess: Deaminated then converted to CHO and fat
What is normal blood glucose before and after a meal?
Before - 4-5.9 mM
After - <7.8 mM
How is insulin release from pancreas triggered? What releases it?
How is glucose uptaken and stored in liver, adipose and muscle?
ATP levels increase, causing K channel inhibition, depolarisation, opening of voltage operated calcium channels, calcium influx and insulin release. B cells of islets of Langerhans produce insulin for glucose uptake and storage
In liver - there is conversion to glycogen and inhibition of gluconeogenesis
In adipose tissue - there is conversion to triglycerides
In muscles - Convert to glycogen
Where is the insulin receptor abundant?
Where are the receptors if there’s low insulin?
What happens when insulin binds?
Muscle and adipocytes
Most GLUT4 will be in vesicles
Causes rapid insertion of GLUT4 into membrane
