Lecture 16 - Exercise And Disease Flashcards
Less obesity > less **> less * resistance > improved * control, less * on pancreatic B cells and less chance of insulin dependent *
Non-esterifed fatty acid; insulin; glucose; stress; diabetes
Regular exercise to decrease disease:
What three things does trained muscle have that lowers risk of disease and why?
More muscle mass thus glycogen storage
More insulin sensitivity
Higher ability to use lipid as energy
This means less conversion of glucose to fat, less circulating fat and less storage as fat
Regular exercise to decrease disease:
What does a high fitness/health/wellbeing/brain health/metabolic health result in?
Resists affects of pathogens, disease, stress, and aids recovery
Regular exercise to decrease disease:
How does less inflammation (as a result of anti inflammatory cytokine release released from muscles myokines due to exercise) relate to lower disease risk?
Many diseases have inflammatory basis e.g Atheroschlerosis
Regular exercise to decrease disease:
How do myokines help reduce disease risk?
Do specific anti disease reduction e.g have anti tumour properties
Regular exercise to decrease disease:
How does activation of body stress response (through HPA axis, sympa ANS and immune system) help with disease?
It has a relaxation effect and overall training effect. Also prepares your body to cope with stresses of disease
What are the steps of atherosclerosis development?
Lipids in cell wall Endothelial activation Immune cell recruitment Pro inflammatory cytokines Foam cells form and acquire lipid
What important balance may determine the progression of atherosclerosis?
The balance between pro inflammatory (TNF, interferons) and anti-inflammatory (TGF, interleukin 5-10) cytokines
Contracting * muscle causes * factors to release *, which interact with various *
skeletal; humoral; myokines; organs
What are myokines?
Cytokines produced and released from contracting skeletal muscle which have endocrine (distant cell) paracrine (nearby cell) and autocrine (same cell) functions, and mediate the effects of physical activity
What do the following myokines do: Myostatin BDNF IL-6 IGF-1 and FGF-2 Unidentified
Regulates skeletal muscle hypertrophy, metabolic homoeostasis and adipose mass
Neural growth and activity
Crosstalk with adipose tissue, releases cortisol from adrenal cortex, and increases insulin sensitivity
Osteogenesis, muscle nerve innovation and remodelling
Antitumour, altered pancreatic function
What picks up stress?
What does this lead to?
The amygdala
This activates the hypothalamus, which increases sympathetic nerve output, causing the adrenal medulla to release adrenaline
This increases heart rate, mobilisation of energy, breathing rate and diverts blood to skeletal muscles and brain
In the stress fight or flight response, what systems are coordinated?
What do they activate?
What does chronic activation lead to?
Cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and nervous systems
Activated the autonomic nervous system, HPA axis and immune system
Dysregulation is multiple body systems, weakened stress response and immune suppression
What are the four elements of the HPA axis and (where necessary) what do they release?
What does cortisol -vely regulate?
Hypothalamus
Corticotrophin releasing hormone
Anterior pituitary - releases adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) via blood
Adrenal cortex releases cortisol
Cortisol -vely regulates ACTH and the hypothalamus
Long-term stress leads to constant * and repeated * *
What are the bad effects of each thing?
Cortisol; adrenaline surges
Cortisol causes increased appetite and thus, fat storage, cortisol resistance and weakened immune system
Repeated adrenaline surges cause increase in blood pressure>endothelial injury>increase risk of atherosclerosis
