Lecture 19 - Drugs In Sport Flashcards
What type of anabolic agents are most widely used and banned? (5)
Diuretics Stimulants (only during competitions) Hormone/metabolic modulators Beta-2 agonists Peptide hormones, growth factors
What do anabolic agents do?
Which is the most common type?
What are the two types of steroid?
Enhance skeletal muscle mass and bone
Steroids
Endogenous - naturally occurring e.g testosterone
Exogenous - synthesised testosterone derivatives
When testosterone acts on androgen receptor, what are the effects?
On reductase?
On aromatase?
What is the adrenal glands and ovaries role?
Anabolic effects (protein building) Androgenic effects (masculinisation)
Stimulates dihydrotestosterone which produces weak androgens
Stimulates oestradiol which acts on oestrogen receptor
Produces weak androgens; peripheral conversion to get testosterone (in women to); metabolic activity
What are the three forms testosterone is found in?
Bound to sex hormone being globulin
Bound to albumin
Unbound
Steroid hormone receptors have subfamilies - 3A * receptors and 3C 3-* receptors, one of which is the * receptor
Estrogen; Ketosteroid; Androgen
When the androgen receptor bound to chaperone comes across testosterone/dihydrotestosterone, what happens?
What else might androgen receptor do?
Induced shape change so decreased affinity for chaperone, so it leaves
Androgen receptor bound to testosterone diffuses into nucleus
Dimerises to make a complex of regulator/transcriptional machinery
mRNA generated and proteins made
May also: activate protein kinase (transcription factor); some act of GPCR’s to increase calcium release > increase force but lower fatigue
*** (AAS) also a time of androgen receptors
Anabolic androgenic steroids
Why is using testosterone injections more obvious?
How can you modify testosterone?
Because it drives masculinisation at the same rate as anabolism
Via structure (edit cyclohexane rings) or availability in optimal tissues (-OH addition)
What is changing the chemistry of the testosterone designed to do? (4)
What are two commonly abused oral steroids?
What are two commonly abused injected steroids?
Slow inactivation
Change the pattern of metabolism
Increase lipid solubility (injection and slow release)
Increase anabolic:androgenic ratio
Stanazol; Methandrostenolone
Tetrahydrofestrinone; nandrolonedecanoate
What was testosterone’s effect on muscle in study?
Increase muscle volume
Increased area of type 1 and 2 I.e fibre hypertrophy
Increase myonuclear number
What were the morphometric changes in the testosterone study associated with?
Fibre hypertrophy also accounted for what two things? (Beside increased strength)
Increased protein synthesis
Reduced amino acid export
Increased androgen receptor expression
Enhanced calcium release from SR and/or changes in calcium sensitivity of contractile proteins
Changes in muscle architecture e.g pennation
What is muscle pennation?
Fascicles attached in a slanting position to the tendons, allowing higher force but lower range of motion
What are the negative effects of AAS on athletes?
Virilising effect in women (abnormal development of male sexual characteristics)
Severe and sometimes irreversible
Depression
Anabolic steroids can * exercise *
Studies showed that strength *, muscle damage * (as less creative kinase, which is an indicator), protein synthesis * and mitotic activity of satellite stem cells *
This led to * collagen, * resistance, * capacity and ** density
Increase; tolerance
Increased; decreased; increased; decreased
Increased; fatigue; work; bone mineral
Does exercise increase or decrease androgen receptor expression in skeletal muscle?
Therefore, it may * effects of AAS
Increases
Enhance
