Lecture 7 - Immune System Flashcards
Non-Specific (Innate Immunity)
Pre existing defenses
Physical barriers, chemical defense
Neutrophils eosinophils basophils monocytes macrophages
Adaptive immunity ( Specific Immunity)
For when innate immunity fails
B and T cells
More powerful
Autoimmune Disease
Is a hyperactive immune response. Can cause an attack on a specific cell organ or be systematic and attack multiple bodies
Pemphigus Vulgaris
Separates basal epithelium from epithelium in oral stratified squamus non-keratinized
Affects holding together of junctions
Sjorgren Syndrome
Targets and destroys glands
Like salivary glands and tears
We see fibrotic tissues fill spots
Xerostomia cause
T-Lymphocyte
born in marrow and gains immunocompetance in thymus
must gain receptors to recognize self
B-lymphocyte
born in the marrow and gain immunocompetance in the blone marrow
They come upon antigen and mounts response
Plasma Cells
B lymphocytes sees a antigen becomes a plasma cell and releases antibodies in a tone to recognize and coat
MEmory Cells
A plasma cell differentiates in to the this so that you can have a quick secondary response
It will float around forever to be ready for another attack and produce the same antibodies
Nature Killer Cells
Recognize transformed cells like tumors that are proliferating. Then causes apoptosis
Macrophage
Derived from Monocytes
when monocyte goes in to connective tissue
engulf bad things and present their antigen to lymphocytes
Antigen Presenting Cell (APC)
macrophage is one. (Dust Cells in lungs, and Kupffer in LiveR)
Neutrophils
First line of defense
phagocytose antigens and destroy and digest
Eosinophils
Found in CT
Blood as root seen in digestion and respiratory
large eosinophilic residues
recognize paraiste and engulf to destroy and digest
mediate inflame
Mast Cells
like basophils but different stem cells located in connective tissue stains realy dark purple cant see nucleus granules release histamine and heperin histamine dilates permeability and heparin stops clotting
Basophils
very rare
located in the blood cell
also release histamine and heprin
Dendritic Cell
antigen presentinc cell with long projections in an area of t cells
Langerhans Cells
Specific dendritic cell in epithelium
Walk along the skin to phagocytose and migrate to lymph to present to T lymphocyte
Lymph Organs are split into Two groups
Primary and Secondary
Primary Lymph Organs
independent of Proliferation
B or T dont need exposure to proliferate
Bone MArrow and Thymus
Secondary Lymph Organs
Lymphoscytes need exposure to proliferate
Lymph nodes, spleen, lymph nodules
MALT - mucosa associated lymph tissues
Thymus
t lymphocyte maturation.
Slowly replaced by fat cells
Involution - the process of becoming fat
Liver takes over when fatty
Involution
Process of fat taking over the lymphatic
happens in the thymus
Parenchymal Cells
Functional Cells of an organ
all organs have parenchymal cells
Stroma Cells
all organs have stroma cells they are the support cells of the organ
What is the parenchymal Cell of the thymus
Thymocytes AKA T - CELLS
What is the stroma cells of the thymus
Epithelioreticular cells
THESE are not reticular but they act like it in terms of structure
Thymus Devisions
Cortex and Medulla
Thymus Cortex
Outer space
Location of most Thymocyte maturing
But most dont make it an are destroyed
Thymus Medulla
inner space
more blood vessels
location of hassels corpuscle (stains lighter)
hassels corpuscle
a swirl of epithelioreticular cells helping in maturation
Round and eosinophillic
What divided the cortex and medulla
Epithelioreticular Cells
Path of Thymocyte
Signal by epithelial reticular cells to migrate form marrow through blood in to thymus through medulla
go from medulla out to outer side of cortex
then mature on way back or destroyed
mature T lymph is released to circulation
Roles of Epithelial Reticular Cells
Protect blood thymus barrier
forms capsule structure
involved in maturation of T cells - help self non self recognition
phagocytose problem cells
Compartmentalize Cortex in to sections for education
Mucosa Associated Lymphatic tissue
Clusters of B or T cells in regions of mucosalyer. Just below epithelium and connective tissue
Split in to Diffuse MALT, and Organized MALT
Found in areas where the outside world meets the inside
Diffuse MALT
No capsule or organization or structure there just many lymphocytes
ORganized Malt
Organized in a structure, may or may not have capsule
They have germinal Center and mantle zone
Lymphatic Nodule
A Organized Malt
Lacks A capsule
Function - Is to produce T and B cells in localized area because they are located at these sites
It is a not a filter or located along the lymphatic vessels
ORganization of organized MALT
Germinal Center - lighter staining pale because have immature lymphocytes. Immature because have not received an antigen to proliferate
Mantle zone - dark outside layer of mature lymph
- mature because receive antigen to proliferate
Examples of organized Malt
Tonsils
Peyers Patches
Vermiform
Tonsil
Have folds called crypts to increase surface area
Inside the nodule is B cells and around it is T cells
Peyers Patches
Localized distal on small intestine in the ileum
Note 12-15 nodules
B cells are inside the of the nodules
T Cells are on the outside
Vermiform Appendix
Considered MALT
Cross Section surrounded by nodules
More nodules than peyers patches
These nodules are located in the connective tissue
Lymph Node Function
Filter for Lymphatic Fluid progresses to blood system
Afferent Vessels
Take Fluid in to the node (through the capsule)
Path of Lymph through Lymph node
Through Afferent Vessels -> Subcapsular sinus -> then through the trebeculaer (which follows CT trebeculae) -> Then medullary sinus - > then out through hillum on the efferent side
Path of Blood through a lymph node
Goes in through the artery and and leaved by veins all through the through the hillum
What is the Capsule
Dense CT surrounding Node
Stroma in the Lymph Nodes
Reticular Fibers Form reticular Support of organ
High Endothelial Venules
Is how lymphocytes enter the lymph nodes
These vessels are lined with cuboidal or columnar epithelial
Lymph Node is divided into two parts
Cortex and Medulla
Cortex has what two parts
Superficial and Deep paracortex
Superficial Cortex
Just below the capsule
Consists of Lymphatic Nodules B lymphocytes and Macrophages, Plasma cells and reticular cells
Paracortex - the Deep inner Cortex
does not have nodules. Location of T cells
The Medulla is Split in to what two parts
Medullary Cords, and MEdullary Sinuses
Medullary Sinuses surround medullary cords
Medullary Cords
location of B lymphocytes and Macrophages and plasma cells
Medullary Sinuses
surrounds the medullary cords and drain in to the efferent lymph vessels
Spleen Function
Immune Response - in white pulp
Destroy Aged RBC - in red blood cells
MONITERS BLOOD NOT LYMPH
Splenic Artery
Brings a huge amount of blood to the thing
Path of blood through the Spleen
Splenic Artery-> breachens in to trebecular arteries - > that enter white pump via central artery -> these branch to splenic sinuses which lead splenic vein
Splenic Chords
They contain reticular cells and reticular fibers, erythrocytes, platelets and WBC
White Pulp is divided in to three
Periaarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS) - T lymph. around central artery
Lymphoid Nodule - Of spleen is B cells
Marginal Zone - surround nodule markes border of white and red blood - filled with macrophage
Red Pulp is made of what (2 regions)
Splenic chords
Spleinic Sinus
splenic Sinus
We have endothelial long cells
with reticular fivers circuling the cell perpindicular to form a small space to test to see if RBC is healthy
if it cant get through to the splenic sinus
NOTE that it is endothelial and basement membrane
Pathway of blood through spleen
Spleinc Artery Trebecular Artery goes throuhg central artery
flow of blood through white pulp is first
then through red pulp through splenic sinus to the.
