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Anatomy Module I > Lecture 5 - Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

Lecture 5 - Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What is Cartilage

A

A Specialized Connetive Tissue

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2
Q

What are the Three Types of Cartilage

A

Hyaline, Fibrocartilage, and Elastic Cartilage

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3
Q

Hyaline Cartilage (ECM, Chond. Arrangement, Perichondrium, Location, Function )

A

ECM - Collagen II
Chondrocytes are arranged in little groupings isogenous
There is a perichondrium except the articular Cartilage
Seen at location of two bones meeting.
Used for Sliding
Seen in nose, trachea, bronchi, end of ribs

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4
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

A subset of Hyaline cartilage that is seen between two bones

does not have perichondrium

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5
Q

Fibrocartilage (ECM, Chond. Arrangement, Perichondrium, Location, Function )

A 
Type II with Type I collagen
Chondrocyte in parallel rows 
no perichondrium
Seen in between vertebrate and the meniscus 
Specialized to absorb force, cushioning
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6
Q

Elastic Cartilage (ECM, Chond. Arrangement, Perichondrium, Location, Function )

A

ECM - Type II collagen with Elastic Fibers
Chondrocytes are in little pockets of isogenous groups
Perichondrium - there is one
Locations - epiglottis, Larynx, and ear
Function - is shape and elasticity

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7
Q

Properties of Cartilage

A

Avascular - Relies on diffusion for nutrients

Lacks Sensation - No nerve system

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8
Q

Functions of Cartilage

A

Support - Bear weight at points of movement
Movement - Provide smooth surface
Framework - Seenin growth of long bones

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9
Q

Composition of Cartilage

A

Remember it is a Connective Tissue so Cells and ECM
Cells - Chondrocytes
ECM - Type II collagen (fiber), Proteoglycans, glycoproteins ( Ground Substance)
Lots of water

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10
Q

Perichondrium

A

DENSE Layer of connective tissue on outer surface (surrounding the cartilage)
Seen in all cartilage except articular and fibrocartilage
contains two layers inner cellular layer, and outer fibrous layer

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11
Q

The two layers of the perichondrium

A

Inner Cellular Layer - Gives rise to new cartilage

Outer Fibrous Layer - Connective Tissue layer. Note the blood vessels are in this layer

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12
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Cell of Cartilage Formed by Chondroblasts
that produce Chondrocytes
Chondrocytes make the ECM (collagen II, proteogylcans, glycoproteins)

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13
Q

Two Types of Cartilage Growth

A

Appositional Growth

Interstitial Growth

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14
Q

Appositional Growth of Cartilage

A

New Cartilage forms at surface of existing cartilage

Derived from inner portion of the perichondrium

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15
Q

Interstitial Growth of Cartilage

A

New Cells Form by mitosis of existing cartilage

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16
Q

What is an isogenous group os Cartilage

A

It is a cluster of chondrocytes that recently divided

This is seen Hyaline and Elastic Cartilage

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17
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Type II collagen production inhibited
Related to age and traumo
No symptoms until the bones wear down and grind another
Articular Cartilage Disease

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18
Q

Herniation

A

A protruding into space that it should not be
Seen in the intervertibrate discs
There is a problem in fibrocartilage that weakens it and so it comes out the edges of the spinal cord. Hitting nerves for pain

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19
Q

Characteristics of Bone

A

Vascularized highly Innervated

Mineralized (so hard)

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20
Q

Function of Bones

A

Protects and Supports (skull)
Movement
Reservoir of Ca and P
Form Blood Cells

21
Q

Connective Tissue of Bone is split in to two what are they

A

Outer Surface - Periosteum

Inner Surface - Endosteum

22
Q

Periosteum

A

Outer Surface of the bone
Two Layer Sheath
Outer fibrous layer of dense CT
Inner Cellular layer

23
Q

Endosteum

A

Inner Surfaces of bone
One layer around inner cavity (the bone cavity)
Contains the bone stem cells

24
Q

Macroscopic Classification of Bone

A

Compact/Cortical Bone

Spongy/Cancellous Bone

25
Q

Compact / Cortical Bone

A

Dense Layer surrounding outer bone
Organized osteon system
Dense in areas of stress

26
Q

Spongy / Cancellous Bone

A

Forms network of Trebeculae in interior (thin bands of bone)
Well Vascularized and innervated
Not random organized along force and stress
It looks random though

27
Q

Microscopic Classification of Bone

A 
Primary Bone (Immature Bone) 
Secondary Bone (Mature, or lamellar)
28
Q

Primary Bone/Immature Bone

A

New Bone laid down is disorganized and low mineral

29
Q

Lamellar Bone

A

Aka Secondary bone, Mature Bone
ORganized structure that replaces primary bone
composed of concentric lamellae
is Calcified

30
Q

Osteons

A

Structural Units of Mature Bone. A grouping of rings of lamellae

31
Q

Lamellae

A

Osteons are formed by bone matrix that form concentrically around a central cavity
Each ring is a lamellae

32
Q

Haversian Canal

A

Center of Lamellae

Contains the neurovascular Stuff

33
Q

Interistual Lamellae

A

Places where osteons are degraded

Remnants of previous osteon lamellae

34
Q

Outer/Inner Circumferential Lamellae

A

They Go around the whole shaft of the long bone
Outer Circumferential - Right below the periosteum
Inner Circumferential - Right below the endosteum

35
Q

Volkmanns Canals

A

Connects Osteons
Blodo Vessels and nerves can connect and coordinate
Run 90 Degrees to the long axis (haversian canals)

36
Q

Bone Extra Cellular Matrix Composition

A

Inorganic Components (calcium Phosphate is most of it) 65%
Fiber is Collagen type I
Cells are super small percent
The ground substance is glycoproteins and proteoglycans

37
Q

Cells of Bone (5)

A 
Osteoporgenitor Cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Bone Lining Cells 
Osteoclasts
38
Q

Osteoprogenitor Cells (function, location, structure)

A 
Derived from mesenchymal Stem Cell 
Develop to Osteoblasts upon stimulus 
Seen in layers forming new bone 
location - inner periosteium layer of growing bone, and  endosteum layer lining the bone cavity
structure - Squamus
39
Q

Osteoblasts (function, location, structure)

A

Function - differentiated from osteoprogenitor
- secretes type I collagen and ECM proteins forming unminerilized bone capable of division
Structure - cuboidal in single line on the surface of the bone
Location - where bone is being laid down

Osteoblasts communicate with each other through gap junctions
As osteoblasts secrete the new bone stuff they slowly get surrounded by matrix and get trapped

40
Q

Osteocytes (function, location, structure)

A

Location - Is an osteoblast that has been surrounded by bone
Function - Maintain the matrix of the bone, Starts produce copious amounts of matrix, can respond to stimuli to help osteblasts
Structure - has long arm processes to contact osteocytes and blasts through gap junctions
- they have flattened nucleus and form shape of lacunae they lie in

41
Q

Lacunae

A

Osteocyte spot within the lamellae circles

42
Q

Canaliculi

A

Small canals to connect the osteocyte cells to other osteocytes and blasts

43
Q

Bone Lining Cells (function, location, structure)

A

Derived from Osteoblasts that are not producing bone
Function - support cells for osteocytes. Regulate Calcium in and out
Location - external and internal surface of bone
Structure - Flat inactive squamous
Dormant, but maybe able to become activated

44
Q

Osteoclasts (function, location, structure)

A

Derived from the monocyte line of RBC formation
Must be activated
Function - Bone Resorption
Structure -large and multinucleated
Location - On the surface of the bone (inner) found in Howships Lacunae (subosteoclastic compartment)

45
Q

Howships Lacunae

A

Little compartments of bone resoprtion

Location of the osteoclasts

46
Q

Two Types of Bone Formation

A

Intramembrous Ossification

Endochondrial Ossification

47
Q

Intramembrous Ossification

A

Direct Differentiation from stem cell to bone

Forms the Clavical mandable type bones

48
Q

Endochondrial Ossification

A

Uses a cartilage model template for bone formation

Forms the long bones

Anatomy Module I (9 decks)

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