Lecture 7: Final Lecture Flashcards
chickungyna
joint pain
mosquito bites
advantage of heat killed organisms
safer
advantages of attenuated organisms
better immune response
youre place the vaccine in airways..where flu is, not arm where flu usually isnt…
CD8+ T (cytotoxic) cells in addition to JUST CD4+ T cells= better immune response
why can flu vaccine be dangerous
egg allergies
egg proteins get incorporated into the virus/virions… you can die from the vaccine
How can smallpox be eradicated but we still have no vaccine for HIV?
small pox has a stable DNA structure which is easy to target…
HIV has a RT RNA genome, which mutates a ton…antigenic VARIATION
both lack non-human hosts, so you would assume HIV would be easy to erradicate
why do we get a new flu vaccine every year
flu has a really high rate of mutation
how we decide on vaccine: collect flu strains from other hemispheres in summer, find most common one. not always effective bc more mutation can happen over 6 month period
why are there no vaccines for hookworm or tapeworm? Should there be?
1) because the people who have the money to do research arent effected by hookworm
yeah there probably should be
Should we vaccinate against everything?
NO that would kill our normal flora, only get rid of serious pathogens
it would be bad to vaccinate against the common cold
hygine hypothesis
better sewage leads to more allergies and immune disorders
amish had less allergies than meninites (who vacuumed)
Epi
study of disease on grand scale…scale of populations
figure out how to fight and prevent disease on this scale
3 things that contribute to disease spread
contact
shedding phase
susceptible host
intersection of these is when disease is spread
contact
how infectious agent gets from one host to another
shedding phase
when someone is producing the organism in a form that can infect others
susceptible host
can the agent infect a new host? Is the new host immunized? do they have the right receptors
a good way to stop disease spread
VACCINATE: pre-protect them so they arent susceptible
that protects the rest of the population too bc there are less sucesptible hosts in the chain of contact.
endemic
expected level…if we get above this we get an epidemic
epidemic
level above expected
pandemic
epidmic in multiple nation states
tamiflu
intervention causes people to shed less virions…disrupt chain of spread
H1N1 in 2010… started to be resistnat to tamiflu toward the end… which could cause a future problem
what info does CDC collect on flu
people DYING from it, not infected with virus (most people arent testing for the virus)
look at graph on 6
look at graph on 6
Look at graph on 7
Look at graph on 7
flu outbreak in 2007
strain not very serious, the people who were dying were old and sick
treatment for cholera
people die from dehydration
treat by oral rehydration
Texas Measles in the 1970s
cases of measles were sky rocketing…epidemic spike in feb-march
started vaccinating EVERYONE, not just 7 year olds in the end of March
really dropped off within a week
using vaccines to stop an epidemic
Surveillance and HIV
in 1992, a new cheap blood test for HIV came out
so the next year there was a HUGE spike (not because there was more HIV, people just got diagnosed more bc the tech was there)
then a drop because people were self aware and changed behavior
HIV blood test
increased self knowledge esp in asymptomatic people
people tell their partners and change behaviors
education was also expanding during this period
graph on page 8
graph on page 8
why are hospitals no where you want to be when you are sick?
microbes are under pressure to become antibiotic resistant
common nosocomial infections
UTIs
Surgery site infections
Respiratory infections
C. diff
engineering solutions ex
doctors wear bow ties instead of long ties to stop spread of flu
C diff in hospitals
spores grow when antibiotics kill off antibiotics normal flora
to stop spread: wash hands and clean things with bleach
PROBLEM: doctors were told to use purell with alcohol to stop spread of flu… alcohol makes it easier for C. diff to live because it kills off other bacteria but not C. diff.
Early identification of AIDS outbreak
men were dying of disease that don’t usually kill
looked at food, street drugs, finally sex
mapped connections between them
numbers: Order of disease in that area
patient zero was NOT sick and was hypothetical at this point
graph on page 11
11
source of disease
NOT patient zero, they are the per-source
use 19 and 20 to study!!!
use 19 and 20 to study!!!
