Lecture 7: Final Lecture

Question 1

chickungyna

Answer 1

joint pain

mosquito bites

Question 2

advantage of heat killed organisms

Answer 2

safer

Question 3

advantages of attenuated organisms

Answer 3

better immune response
youre place the vaccine in airways..where flu is, not arm where flu usually isnt…

CD8+ T (cytotoxic) cells in addition to JUST CD4+ T cells= better immune response

Question 4

why can flu vaccine be dangerous

Answer 4

egg allergies

egg proteins get incorporated into the virus/virions… you can die from the vaccine

Question 5

How can smallpox be eradicated but we still have no vaccine for HIV?

Answer 5

small pox has a stable DNA structure which is easy to target…
HIV has a RT RNA genome, which mutates a ton…antigenic VARIATION

both lack non-human hosts, so you would assume HIV would be easy to erradicate

Question 6

why do we get a new flu vaccine every year

Answer 6

flu has a really high rate of mutation
how we decide on vaccine: collect flu strains from other hemispheres in summer, find most common one. not always effective bc more mutation can happen over 6 month period

Question 7

why are there no vaccines for hookworm or tapeworm? Should there be?

Answer 7

1) because the people who have the money to do research arent effected by hookworm

yeah there probably should be

Question 8

Should we vaccinate against everything?

Answer 8

NO that would kill our normal flora, only get rid of serious pathogens

it would be bad to vaccinate against the common cold

Question 9

hygine hypothesis

Answer 9

better sewage leads to more allergies and immune disorders

amish had less allergies than meninites (who vacuumed)

Question 10

Epi

Answer 10

study of disease on grand scale…scale of populations

figure out how to fight and prevent disease on this scale

Question 11

3 things that contribute to disease spread

Answer 11

contact
shedding phase
susceptible host

intersection of these is when disease is spread

Question 12

contact

Answer 12

how infectious agent gets from one host to another

Question 13

shedding phase

Answer 13

when someone is producing the organism in a form that can infect others

Question 14

susceptible host

Answer 14

can the agent infect a new host? Is the new host immunized? do they have the right receptors

Question 15

a good way to stop disease spread

Answer 15

VACCINATE: pre-protect them so they arent susceptible

that protects the rest of the population too bc there are less sucesptible hosts in the chain of contact.

Question 16

endemic

Answer 16

expected level…if we get above this we get an epidemic

Question 17

epidemic

Answer 17

level above expected

Question 18

pandemic

Answer 18

epidmic in multiple nation states

Question 19

tamiflu

Answer 19

intervention causes people to shed less virions…disrupt chain of spread
H1N1 in 2010… started to be resistnat to tamiflu toward the end… which could cause a future problem

Question 20

what info does CDC collect on flu

Answer 20

people DYING from it, not infected with virus (most people arent testing for the virus)

Question 21

look at graph on 6

Answer 21

look at graph on 6

Question 22

Look at graph on 7

Answer 22

Look at graph on 7

Question 23

flu outbreak in 2007

Answer 23

strain not very serious, the people who were dying were old and sick

Question 24

treatment for cholera

Answer 24

people die from dehydration

treat by oral rehydration

Question 25

Texas Measles in the 1970s

Answer 25

cases of measles were sky rocketing…epidemic spike in feb-march
started vaccinating EVERYONE, not just 7 year olds in the end of March
really dropped off within a week

using vaccines to stop an epidemic

Question 26

Surveillance and HIV

Answer 26

in 1992, a new cheap blood test for HIV came out
so the next year there was a HUGE spike (not because there was more HIV, people just got diagnosed more bc the tech was there)

then a drop because people were self aware and changed behavior

Question 27

HIV blood test

Answer 27

increased self knowledge esp in asymptomatic people
people tell their partners and change behaviors

education was also expanding during this period

Question 28

graph on page 8

Answer 28

graph on page 8

Question 29

why are hospitals no where you want to be when you are sick?

Answer 29

microbes are under pressure to become antibiotic resistant

Question 30

common nosocomial infections

Answer 30

UTIs
Surgery site infections
Respiratory infections
C. diff

Question 31

engineering solutions ex

Answer 31

doctors wear bow ties instead of long ties to stop spread of flu

Question 32

C diff in hospitals

Answer 32

spores grow when antibiotics kill off antibiotics normal flora

to stop spread: wash hands and clean things with bleach
PROBLEM: doctors were told to use purell with alcohol to stop spread of flu… alcohol makes it easier for C. diff to live because it kills off other bacteria but not C. diff.

Question 33

Early identification of AIDS outbreak

Answer 33

men were dying of disease that don’t usually kill
looked at food, street drugs, finally sex
mapped connections between them
numbers: Order of disease in that area

patient zero was NOT sick and was hypothetical at this point

Question 34

graph on page 11

Answer 34

11

Question 35

source of disease

Answer 35

NOT patient zero, they are the per-source

Question 36

use 19 and 20 to study!!!

Answer 36

use 19 and 20 to study!!!