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Micro Exam 4 > Lecture 5: Mucusal Infections > Flashcards

Lecture 5: Mucusal Infections Flashcards

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1
Q

Merkel cells

A

one of the first transformative viruses identified (cancer causing)

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2
Q

Enteric Bacterial Pathogens

A

E. Coli (EPEC and EHEC (enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic)
Shigella (dysenteriae)
Salmonella (serovar typhi and serovar typhimurium)
Yersinia (enterocolitica)

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3
Q

Enteric Bacterial Pathogens

A

E. Coli (EPEC and EHEC (enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic)
Shigella (dysenteriae)
Salmonella (serovar typhi and serovar typhimurium)
Yersinia (enterocolitica)

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4
Q

Core and Pan Genome of Enteric Bacteria: Core of EHEC, Shigella, and Salmonella

A

Gram Negative

Bile salt resistant

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5
Q

Bile start and studying enteric bacteria

A

streak fecal matter on plate with bile salt
things that arent enteric will die
study whats left

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6
Q

Shigella vs. the other species

A

was though to be different until recently
BUT: found that shigella is an E. Coli that lost some genes and gained a few plasmids

“subspecies of E. coli” say som

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7
Q

special things about EHEC

A

T3SS
urea gene
lactose gene

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8
Q

Special things about Salmonella

A

two T3SSs

ability to H2S

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9
Q

STUDY TO CORE-PAN GENOME FIGURE

A

STUDY TO CORE-PAN GENOME FIGURE

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10
Q

How E. coli causes diarrhea

A

1) inhibits absorptive function of intestine
2) opens tight junctions between cells (bloody)
3) causes inflammation

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11
Q

diarrhea

A

caused by excess fluid in GI tract
intestines absorb water usually, in this case they dont
feces become thinner
Caused by inflammation OR an actual function of the bacteria

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12
Q

how cholera causes diarrhea

A

causes epithelial cells to pump salt into the lumen of the gut
water rushes into gut from body
rice water diarrhea
active function of toxin

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13
Q

how cholera causes diarrhea

A

causes epithelial cells to pump salt into the lumen of the gut
water rushes into gut from body
rice water diarrhea
active function of toxin

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14
Q

pathotypes

A

groups of bacteria that cause disease in a certain way

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15
Q

who has E. coli

A

most mammals, usually doesn’t cause disease

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16
Q

ETEC

A

enterotoxin e.c.
most common
produces a toxin that produces a protein that degreulates water absoprtion of intestines
TRAVELER’s diarrhea

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17
Q

EIEC

A 
enteroinvasive e.c.
mild diarrhea
the one that evolved into shigella
can invade host cells-lives at epi layer
pretty self-limiting: goes away on its own 
often get traveling
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18
Q

EPEC

A

enteropathogenic e.c.
major cause of infant dirrhea and death oitside US
ADHERES tightly to epi cells
serious inflammation

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19
Q

EHEC

A 
enterohemorrhagic E.c.
bloody diarrhea 
sometimes a problem in the US
its EPEC plus a toxin: SHIGA TOXIN 
destroys epithelial cells, blood goes into lumen of the gut... pretty bad
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20
Q

EHEC

A 
enterohemorrhagic E.c.
bloody diarrhea 
sometimes a problem in the US
its EPEC plus a toxin: SHIGA TOXIN 
destroys epithelial cells, blood goes into lumen of the gut... pretty bad
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21
Q

more on EHEC

A

lose some genes from EPEC
add a toxin
one of worst enteric infections you can get

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22
Q

more on EHEC : US strain

A 
O157 H7 (these are ANTIGENS) 
we have the strongest response to these 2 antigens 
HEMORRHAGIC diarrhea 
has shiga toxin 
fecal contamination of undercooked foods
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23
Q

EHEC: what does O157 mean

A

O=LPS

157=bloody diarrhea

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24
Q

EHEC: what does H7 mean?

A

FLAGELLA

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25
EHEC secretion
LEE type 3 secretion system | CAUSES PEDESTAL FORMATION
26
what is HEmorrhagic diarrhea
bright red blood | EHEC
27
Pedestal formation
cause actin to polymerize underneath the bacteria this lets the bacteria move pretty well? DECREASES SURFACE AREA of epithelial cells
28
EHEC transmission
mostly foodborne | because it has a requires a high infectious dose
29
EPEC secretion
secrete proteins into the host bacteria stick to the bacterial protein this causes actin to polymerize under the bacteria other proteins secreted lead to death of host cell... bacteria eventually kills the host cell by apoptosis because thats the only way the bacteria can get off the surface
30
How EHEC differs from EPEC
because it also has a bacteria phage that contains the SHIGA TOXIN
31
shiga toxin: A-B toxin
B part of protein : sticks to cell sruface | A part of protein: has catalytic activity that kills the cell
32
How shiga toxin kills the cell
retrograde transport
33
retrograde transport
vesicle meant to go outside moves backwards vesicle fueses with the Golig again, eventually the ER again in the ER: the B portion forms a pore, A goes to cytosol, finds RIBOSOME
34
A and ribosome
a portion cleaves the ribsomal RNA this stops protein synthesis cell dies because it cant make proteins
35
shiga toxin: A-B toxin
B part of protein : sticks to cell sruface 5 of them | A part of protein: has catalytic activity that kills the cell 1 of them
36
A and ribosome
a portion cleaves the ribsomal RNA this stops protein synthesis cell dies because it cant make proteins
37
WATCH VIDEO ON SLIDE 26 IT WILL BE ON EXAM
WATCH VIDEO ON SLIDE 26 IT WILL BE ON EXAM
38
importance of shiga toxin being on a phage
it can jump into other strains
39
what B subunit binds to (EHEC)
GB3
40
amount of GB3
decreases as you age | more in men/boys
41
so who gets most sick from EHEC infection?
young boys | they have the most GB3, which the Shiga toxin can take advatage of
42
what does shiga toxin effect
gut kidneys nervous system (where GB3 is found)
43
people who survive EHEC...
severe kidney and sometimes brain damage
44
what does shiga toxin do to BODY
causes clots to form in small blood vessles RBCs damaged: ANMEIA kidney filtration decline... HUS (hemulytic-uremic syndrome)
45
what does T3SS do?
secretes proteins from gram neg bact to euks cells | DOES NOT secrete shiga toxin
46
so why does EHEC cause bloody diarrhea
break down of tight junctions shiga toxin causes clots in capplaiers... blood builds up in liamina propria destroy surface and underlying tissues
47
why is EHEC an American disease
non-human reservoir is COWS which we don't threat the best... and Indians cows dont have O157 H7 our cows eat feces of other cows... most of the get O157 H7 we get it in produce a lot bc its sprayed with cow feces
48
Pedestal formation ???? LOOK INTO
adhesion to cells? | DECREASES SURFACE AREA of epithelial cells
49
why is EHEC an American disease
non-human reservoir is COWS which we don't threat the best... and Indians cows dont have O157 H7 our cows eat feces of other cows... most of the get O157 H7 we get it in produce a lot bc its sprayed with cow feces
50
Shigella
dysentery intracellular pathogen very low infectious dose-waterborne
51
why does Shigella have a low infectious dose
it lost the genes it didnt need for infection also: it infects by entering the M cells of pyers patches...lyses M cells when it gets inside, then pushes to neighbors using actin polymerization and replicates and repeats ALSO: avoids immune cells other than NK (whic mostly recognizes VIRUSES, not BACT) and CD8 cells
52
how are Shigella nd E. coli different
Shigella CANNOT ferment lactose
53
how are Shigella nd E. coli different
Shigella CANNOT ferment lactose
54
Shigella is a ______pathogen
specialized
55
evolution of shigella
evolved to be good at SPREADING, doesnt need host for long | so doesnt really care if it kills the host
56
Characteristics of specialized pathogens
don't care if they kill host Shigella, Norovirus wants you to produce a lot of feces so it can spread more, doesnt care if you die after a week often waterborne diseases
57
Salomnellosis found in
chickens, eggs birds reptiles oysters
58
salmonellosis in chickens
doesnt cause disease in chickens but all chicken meat in oregon had it after processing due to the washing process to reduce pathogens so why isnt everyone there dying: there isnt enough bacteria in the meat to make people sick
59
how to avoid salmonella in food
wash and cook chicken | use different utensils for food prep of chicken and produce
60
salmonella and egs
bacteria can move across the shells | so dont eat raw eggs in cookie dough you make
61
salmonella serovars
Typhumurium | Typhi
62
Salmonella enterica Typhi
``` Typoid fever infects and lives off macrophages, goes from one to another... rides them to liver and spleen... fever and death 2 T3SSs pilli flagella ```
63
Typoid mary
she was a carrier shedding infectious agents | first time we realized this is possible
64
salmonella-containing vesicles
get out via normal endocytic pathway
65
2 T3SSs of salmonella typhi
1) gets into epi cells | 2) helps for survival in macrophages
66
how Salmonella enterica Typhi is different from plague
typhi enters through M cells, less at a time, tends to be more self-limiting plauge: lots of bacteria enter the body at once, quick death
67
Salmonella enterica Typhi vaccine
live bacteria with ONE T3SS and a plasmid for living in the macrophages removed vaccine gets into macrophage and then dies
68
2 T3SSs of salmonella typhi
1) gets into epi cells 2) helps for survival in macrophages changes how the macrophage sees the bacteria.
69
2 T3SSs of salmonella typhi
1) gets into epi cells 2) helps for survival in macrophages changes how the infected macrophage sees the salmonella containing endosome so that it DOESNT fuse it with a lysosome, which would kill it
70
Salmonella enterica Typhi vaccine
live bacteria with ONE T3SS and a plasmid for living in the macrophages removed vaccine gets into macrophage and then dies
71
typhoid in the world
tends to be endemic | control of human feces=less of a problem
72
Salmonella enterica Typhimurium
mouse typhi... also found in chickens a lot only causes enteritis in humans... just bad diarrhea, doesnt go to spleen and liver like typhi cold and warm blooded vertebrates
73
Typhimurium vs. Typhi: genes
Typhimurium: lots of genes, can live in birds, reptiles, amphibians Typhi: lost many genes, specailized in infecting humans
74
Typhimurium vs. Typhi: peudeogenes as a portion of genome
Typhimurium: 0.6% Typhi: 5% pseudogenes are genes that have LOST function. (more in typhi=it doesnt need 5% of its genome)
75
Typhimurium vs. Typhi: getting nutrients
Typhimurium: prototroph: ability to synth all amino acids, nucleic acids, vitamins Typhi: Auxotroph: needs supplementation for ceretain nutrients (tryptophan and cystine in this case)
76
are humans prototrophs or auxotrophs
auxotrophs,,, we need vitamins and minerals
77
review graph on slide 24
review graph on slide 24
78
1940s: decrease in Typhoid fever due to
sanitation in suburbs | typhoid used to be a city disease bc they were dirty
79
rising slamonellosis due to
more processed foods
80
outbreak then decrease in salmonellosis
huge outbreak then sanitation in processing plants the water bath thing
81
Pedestal formation ???? LOOK INTO
adhesion to cells? see picture on slide 8 DECREASES SURFACE AREA of epithelial cells
82
outbreak then decrease in salmonellosis
huge outbreak then sanitation in processing plants the water bath thing
83
Pan-Core genome figure for exam
core genome lets bacteria survive in intestines of vertibrea how we differentiate species evolution
84
shigella and typhi
reduction in genes
85
salmonella
more genes | but severe disease because its not meant for humans
86
E. coli
normal flora, but can cause disease if genes move around (like the shiga toxin)

Micro Exam 4 (8 decks)

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