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Micro Exam 4 > Lecture 2: Viruses II > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Viruses II Flashcards

1
Q

Viruses to know

A

Herpes Viruses

Papillomavirus

Smallpox

HIV

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2
Q

Important thing about… Herpes Viruses

A

viral latency

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3
Q

Important thing about… Papillomavirus

A

viruses and cancer

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4
Q

Important thing about… Smallpox

A

vaccines that work

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5
Q

Important thing about… HIV

A

Vaccines that DON’T work

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6
Q

Important thing about… HIV

A

Vaccines that DON’T work

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7
Q

2 ways to classify eukaryotic viruses

A

Baltimore Scheme (1971)

LHT (Lwoff, Horne, and Tournier) system 1962

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8
Q

2 ways to classify eukaryotic viruses

A

Baltimore Scheme (1971)

LHT (Lwoff, Horne, and Tournier) system 1962

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9
Q

Baltimore Scheme

A

group viruses by how mRNA and genome are produced
(ssRNA, etc)

the path to messenger RNA

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10
Q

LHT System

A

categories based on nucelic acid (DNA or RNA)
capsid symmetry (helicle, icosaheral, complex)
presence of envelope
diameter of capsid
number of capsomere

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11
Q

LHT System

A

categories based on nucelic acid (DNA or RNA)
capsid symmetry (helicle, icosaheral, complex)
presence of envelope
diameter of capsid
number of capsomere

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12
Q

Baltimore system: 7 families

A 
ds DNA
ssDNA
ds RNA
(+) ss RNA
(-) ss RNA
ssRNA-RT
ds RNA-RT
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13
Q

ds DNA

A

adenoviruses
herpesviruses
poxviruses
papillomaviruses

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14
Q

ssDNA (sense strand)

A

Parvovirus

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15
Q

ds RNA

A

retrovirus

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16
Q

(+) ss RNA

A

Picconaviruses, togaviruses

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17
Q

(-) ss RNA

A

a copy will make mRNA

orthmyxoviruses, Rhabdoviruses

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18
Q

ss RNA-RT

A

Retroviruses

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19
Q

ds RNA-RT

A

Hepadnaviruses

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20
Q

RNA viruses…

A

Do NOT need to get into the nucleus of the host

Don’t need DNA polymerase from host

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21
Q

what is in host nucleus that virus may need

A

DNA polymerase
RNA polymerase

if the virus needs it, it will break in to get it
If it doesn’t encode its own DNA polymerases

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22
Q

what is in host nucleus that virus may need

A

DNA polymerase
RNA polymerase

if the virus needs it, it will break in to get it
If it doesn’t encode its own polymerases

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23
Q

What metabolism goes on in a virion…

A

NONE
nothing is going on inside the virion
they’re inert

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24
Q

problem with LHT

A

based on observation of virions…which are inert and have little to do with what the virus does in the cell

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25
Q

problem with LHT

A

based on observation of virions…which are inert and have little to do with what the virus does in the cell

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26
Q

review graph on 9

A

review graph on 9

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27
Q

when do you get to the acute phase?

A

when the innate immune system didn’t do its job right away

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28
Q

phenotypes of acute phase

A

cough
sneeze
sweat/fever

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29
Q

what is happening in the accute phase?

A

immune system being activated

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30
Q

which is the phase with no observable phenotype and very few virions outside cell?

A

ECLIPSE PHASE

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31
Q

eclipse phase

A

no symtoms and no virions seen because the virus is replicating inside the cell

32
Q

eclipse phase

A

no symtoms and no virions seen because the virus is replicating inside the cell

33
Q

review graph on 10

A

review graph on 10

34
Q

persistent phase

A

spike of acute first
viremia subsides
low level of virions observable

HIV

35
Q

Latent virus

A

acute phase happens
long period of time with no observable virions

Herpes simplex

36
Q

Latent virus

A

acute phase happens
long period of time with no observable virions

Herpes simplex

37
Q

Alpha Herpesviruses

A

dsDNA
enveloped
egress

38
Q

Alpha Herpesviruses Simplex I

A

cold sores

infection of skin, and neurons

39
Q

Alpha Herpesviruses Simplex II

A

genital herpes

40
Q

other herpesviruses

A

chickenpox, shingles

41
Q

Where/How herpes infects

A

epithelial and neural cells (PNS, NOT CNS)

hides in ganglia, traffics to surface, erupts when it infects epithelial cells

42
Q

what causes herpes sores?

A

immune response to virus

43
Q

stress and herpes

A

stress induces disease
you become immunocompromised when stressed,
when immune system comes back on after stress, it recognizes the virus and does its job

44
Q

herpes simplex and immune evasion

A
  • infects immunologically privileged cells (neurons–because we dont send the immune system to nerves much so we dont kill them)
  • affects antigen presentation… reduces MHC1 on surface
  • the infection can persist without virion production (virus turns off all genes when it is just sitting there…until stress happens and immune response weakens)
45
Q

herpes simplex and immune evasion

A
  • infects immunologically privileged cells (neurons–because we dont send the immune system to nerves much so we dont kill them)
  • affects antigen presentation… reduces MHC1 on surface
  • the infection can persist without virion production (virus turns off all genes when it is just sitting there…until stress happens and immune response weakens)
46
Q

Human Papillomavirus

A

dsDNA
non enveloped
causes warts, cancer

47
Q

HPV vaccines

A

Gaurdasil: cervical cancer vaccine, 11-26 year olds (all now, new, better vaccine)

48
Q

HPV causing cancer

A

two families of it cause 70% of cervical cancers

490,000 new cases of cervical cancer a year, 270,000 deaths… but its a preventable cancer

49
Q

HPV and sex

A

over 100 genotypes

most common STI, affects 50% of sexually active people in US

50
Q

HPV infection, transmission, and function

A

infects EPITHELIAL cells
transmitted via contact, even shaking hands can cause warts (not cancer)
TRANSFORMING VIRUS

51
Q

HPV as a TRANSFORMING VIRUS

A

changes the host cell

can change it to a cancer cell

52
Q

types of HPV

A

over 150 identified

only like 15 cause cancer… all are mucousal

53
Q

review slide 16 for breakdown of HPV infections

A

16

54
Q

review slide 16 for breakdown of HPV infections

A

16

55
Q

what is cancer

A

abnormal cell growth

56
Q

what causes cancer

A

mutations

57
Q

what immune response usually deals with cancer

A

NK cells

kill cancerous cells

58
Q

Cancer and Cell cycle

A

when DNA damage checkpoints aren’t working right, growth can get out of control

59
Q

how a healthy cell becomes cancerous

A

many different mutations occur over time

initially, mutations happen in checkpoints–which allows other mutations to occur

60
Q

how a healthy cell becomes cancerous

A

many different mutations occur over time

initially, mutations happen in checkpoints–which allows other mutations to occur

61
Q

late mutations (after mutation at cell cycle check point)

A

immune evasion
insensitivity to apoptosis (it won’t die)
acquisition of own vascular system
ability to colonize other organs
ability to survive hypoxic (low oxygen) conditions

62
Q

late mutations (after mutation at cell cycle check point)

A

immune evasion
insensitivity to apoptosis (it won’t die)
acquisition of own vascular system
ability to colonize other organs
ability to survive hypoxic (low oxygen) conditions

63
Q

Oncogenes

A

any genes with potential to convert normal cell to cancerous cell

64
Q

Proto-oncogene

A

cellular gene that can promote cancer if mutated

65
Q

Viral-oncogene

A

virally encoded oncogene

HPV has 2 of these…. these strains affect E6 and E7 in early stage—messing up checkpoints

66
Q

Papillomaviruses

A 
non enveloped
dsDNA
ancient family... 350 million years old
infect ALL mammals, some birds, reptiles
VERY HOST SPECIFIC
67
Q

Papillomaviruses

A 
non enveloped
dsDNA
ancient family... 350 million years old
infect ALL mammals, some birds, reptiles
VERY HOST SPECIFIC
68
Q

How Papillomaviruses work

A

increase action of E6 and E7 genes… these inhibit checkpoint proteins PRB and p53

cells go through checkpoint without stopping

E=early genes, L=late genes

69
Q

why does the virus want to skip the checkpoint?

A

virus needs replicating cells so it can replicate

needs to go through cell division so virus can get access to nucleus

70
Q

what else does the virus do? (HPV)

A

turns telomere on
immortalization of a cell
cell then replicates uncontrollably and can live forever

71
Q

what else does the virus do? (HPV)

A

turns telomere on
immortalization of a cell… usually only undergoes replication 180 times
cell then replicates uncontrollably and can live forever

72
Q

HPV life cycle

A

1) virus enters through breakage of skin from sex… doesn’t infect surface cells since they aren’t replicating, has to go to cells at bottom

cells at bottom don’t produce virions, cells at top do… virions released into mucous

no immune cells in mucous, but thats where they need to be… a little immune evasion

73
Q

effects of HPV genes E6 and E7 blocking checkpoint protiens

A

promoting faster growth

allowing more mutations indirectly

74
Q

HPV-induced Cervical Cancer is a slow process

A

it becomes a pro-virus: integrated into chromosome
replicates on chromosome
virus makes no virions when in chromosome… the virus is not being shed BUT
E6 and E7 go through the room, shut off all the checkpoints

75
Q

HPV-induced Cervical Cancer is a slow process

A

it becomes a pro-virus: integrated into chromosome
replicates on chromosome
virus makes no virions when in chromosome… the virus is not being shed BUT
E6 and E7 go through the room, shut off all the checkpoints

76
Q

Henrietta Lacks and HeLa cells

A

died of cervical cancer complications in 1952
her cells were first tissue culture cells
first human cells in space
polio vaccine developed on her cells
still used in tons of laboratories today

Micro Exam 4 (8 decks)

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