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Micro Exam 4 > Lecture 3: Microbes and Disease > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Microbes and Disease Flashcards

1
Q

test of malignancy in the 1950s

A

take cells out of body, and they continue to live

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2
Q

test of malignancy in the 1950s

A

take cells out of body, and they continue to live

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3
Q

dengue fever

A

athropod (mosquitos)
having an immune response is pretty bad… the virus infects B or T cells
so its hard to figure out a vaccine
Florida

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4
Q

Norovirus

A

aersolized

easily infects people in close quarters

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5
Q

Smallpox

A

dsDNA, enveloped… very stable virus
first virus to be erradiacted
we don’t even vaccinate against it anymore
pretty large genome

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6
Q

why don’t we vaccinate against smallpox?

A

1 in a million people die from the vaccine

why risk dying for a disease we dont have anymore?

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7
Q

Whats special about smallpox

A

its as close to living as a virus gets

just doesn’t have ATP or ribosomes… otherwise like its living

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8
Q

smallpox stability

A

doesn’t mutate much bc dsDNA… most stable form

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9
Q

what does smallpox have

A

it brings a ton of proteins with it
so it can do all catabolism and metabolism by itself… just needs host ribosomes and ATP
has own polymerases (DNA and RNA)

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10
Q

ease of vaccinating against smallpox

A

target the different
easy to target it’s protiens

vaccine is cheap to make

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11
Q

smallpox lifecycle

A 
enter cell
uncoating
transcription (viral RNA polymerase)
DNA replication (viral DNA polymerase--only group with this) 
viral packaging
cell lysis (causes pox)
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12
Q

hosts of smallpox

A

no Non-human hosts

so once you erradicate it, its gone

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13
Q

how vaccine was discovered

A

milkmaids never got smallpox, just cowpox on their hands

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14
Q

the word vaccine

A

from Vaccina virus: cowpox virus…80% identical to smallpox virus

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15
Q

How smallpox was erradicated

A

mointoring the disease
when someone gets sick, vaccinate everyine within a 10 mile radius

Larry Brillant

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16
Q

RNA viruses

A

very UNSTABLE… high rate of mutations

because it lacks PROOFREADING ability… because of its two enzymes

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17
Q

the reason we have a core genome of DNA?

A

its more stable than RNA

also, DNA has proofreading abilities

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18
Q

RNA enzymes

A

RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RNA to RNA)
Reverse Transcriptase (RNA to DNA to RNA)
NEITHER CAN PROOFREAD

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19
Q

HIV

A

retrovirus
reverse transcriptase
(+) ssRNA, enveloped
infects many cell types

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20
Q

reverse transcriptase

A

insert viral genome into host DNA

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21
Q

HIV

A 
retrovirus 
reverse transcriptase
(+) ssRNA, enveloped
infects many cell types
no vaccine
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22
Q

reverse transcriptase

A

insert viral genome into host DNA

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23
Q

HIV and CD4 T cells

A

helper T cells regulate immune system

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24
Q

AIDS and CD4 T cells

A

you’re sick all the time beacuse your CD4T cells cant fight anything off
even food can make you sick (Tfolic? or Treg?)

25
Q

AIDS

A 
depletion of immune cells 
the disease (HIV is the infection)
26
Q

AIDS and Kaposi Sarcoma Virus (herpesvirus)

A

Kaposi Sarcoma Virus is carried by 40% of people, its often transmitted, but RARELY CAUSES DISEASE
but if you have AIDS, it causes cancer

27
Q

review graph on slide 12

A

12

28
Q

ways HIV is transmitted

A 
sex
blood transfusion
birth 
needles
blood to blood contact basically
29
Q

HIV Replication

A
  • enveloped virus fuses with and enters cell
  • makes dsDNA in cytosol, then gets into nucleus (Reverse transcription of RNA to DNA)
  • integrates into host genome
  • viral RNA replicated
  • translation to pro-protein
  • viral protease cleavage
  • viral reconstruction and egress
30
Q

How does HIV work

A

converts cell into HIV factory bc goes to nucleus

all virions are a little different

31
Q

different HIV virions… what does this mean for immune system

A

immune system looks for molecular patterns… but changes mean there are differnt patterns that may not be recognized

if you do figure out a good immune response, the virus will mutate around it

32
Q

How does HIV work

A

converts cell into HIV factory bc goes to nucleus
all virions are a little different
virus shed like crazy
send a bunch of stuff out… lots of it different (high mutation rate)

33
Q

different HIV virions… what does this mean for immune system

A

immune system looks for molecular patterns… but changes mean there are differnt patterns that may not be recognized

if you do figure out a good immune response, the virus will mutate around it

34
Q

How we treat HIV

A

HAART drugs
3 different drugs that target 3 different parts of the virus simultaneously
you have to take the virus consistently, or the virus can become resistant or get a chance to mutate

35
Q

where is HIV?

A

in EVERY nation-worldwide
its a Pandemic
we expect 0 HIV

36
Q

review slide 15

A

15

37
Q

point of graph on 15?

A

number of new infected decreasing
number of deaths decreasing
number living with HIV decreasing
THIS MEANS PEOPLE AREN’T DYING AS MUCH FROM HIV

38
Q

Magic johonson effect

A

at first safe sex

when he didnt die, people think HIV is not a death sentence, unprotected sex and STIs increase

39
Q

Magic johonson effect

A

at first safe sex

when he didnt die, people think HIV is not a death sentence, unprotected sex and STIs increase

40
Q

Patient Zero

A

a flight attendant who slept with 2500 people in North American even though he knew he had HIV

41
Q

where did HIV come from

A

jump from human to chimps around 1900–railroad to heart of congo
it had probably jumped before, but now it could get out into the world

butchering chimps..lots of blood
arose in chimps half a million years ago… 2 viruses recombined to make HIV

42
Q

US and spread of HIV

A

US spread it to a TON of other countries

43
Q

US and spread of HIV

A

US spread it to a TON of other countries

44
Q

infection

A

thing gets into body
HIV
NOT the disease, NOT the ability to cause disease

45
Q

Disease

A

immune response
set of symptoms
age could be considered a disease
AIDS

46
Q

Pathogenesis

A

study of how pathogens cause disease

measurement of disease causing potential

47
Q

eitological agent

A

cause of disease

48
Q

pathogenesis

A

bacterium, virus, other organism causing disease

49
Q

Germ theory of disease

A

all diseases have microbial origin

this isnt entirely correct

50
Q

when does infection cause disease

A

when immune system responds or the infection causes damgae

51
Q

virulence

A

measure of disease causing potential

more virulent=more disease in more people

52
Q

Virulence factors

A

genes that increase virulence of organism

53
Q

ID 50

A

infectious dose 50%: amount needed to transmit the disease among 50% of people exposed

54
Q

LD 50

A

Lethal Dose 50%: amount needed to kill 50% of people

55
Q

LD 50

A

Lethal Dose 50%: amount needed to kill 50% of people

56
Q

is homosexuality a cause of HIV

A

NO

its literally just blood to blood contact

57
Q

is homosexuality a cause of HIV

A

NO

its literally just blood to blood contact

58
Q

we’ve been talking about HIV-1, theres also HIV-2

A

HIV-2 in Africa

from Mangabes monkeys

Micro Exam 4 (8 decks)

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