Lecture 7 - Enzymes are Essential for Life Flashcards

1
Q

G < 0 =

A

Spontaneous; energy release.

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2
Q

G > 0 =

A

Non - Spontaneous; energy required

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3
Q

G = 0 =

A

At equilibrium; can’t do work.

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4
Q

What does biochemical synthesis and degradation use?

A

Pathways of enzyme catalysed steps.

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5
Q

What can enzymes do?

A

Couple a spontaneous reaction to a non spontaneous one, to make the overall G < 0

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6
Q

What is required to reach the transition state?

A

Sufficient activation energy

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7
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts which increase the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy

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8
Q

What is the transition state?

A

Reaction intermediate between the substrate and product, the state corresponding to the highest potential energy,

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9
Q

What are the classes of enzymes?

A
  1. Oxireductases - Redox
  2. Trasnferases - Transfer of functional group
  3. Hydrolases - Hydrolysis reactions
  4. Lyases - Non-hydrolytic breaking or making of bonds
  5. Isomerases - Transfer of atoms/groups within a molecule
  6. Ligases - Joining of two molecules together
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10
Q

What are Cofactors?

A

Non-protein helper molecules that sit inside the active site and essential for reaction to occur

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11
Q

What are the two classes of cofactors?

A

Metal ions and Coenzymes

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12
Q

What are metal ions?

A

Lewis acids, so they can participate in acid-base catalysis.

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13
Q

What do metal ions do?

A

Form coordination compounds with precise geometries. (Position reactants exactly where they need to be)

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14
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

Small organic molecules that are carriers, (electrons, atoms and functional groups), often derived from vitamins.

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15
Q

What do enzymes allow?

A

Reaction coupling

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16
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

By catalysing thermodynamically favourable reactions by lowering activation energy.

17
Q

Do enzymes effect reaction rates?

A

Yes, Increase by lowering activation energy.

18
Q

Do enzymes alter the equilibrium of a reaction?

A

No