Lecture 18 - Genetic Variation & Disease #2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are monogenic traits?

A

An inherited trait/characteristic that is controlled by a single gene

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2
Q

What patterns do monogenic traits follow?

A

Usually simple dominant/recessive inheritance patterns

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3
Q

Can environment influence monogenic traits?

A

Yes (e.g how many freckles you have)

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4
Q

What are polygenic traits?

A

Inherited trait/characteristic that is controlled by multiple genes.

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5
Q

What patterns do polygenic traits follow?

A

They do not follow an obvious inheritance pattern

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6
Q

Can environment influence polygenic traits?

A

Yes

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7
Q

What are continuous traits?

A

Traits that will be measures as a range (e.g height)

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8
Q

What are dichotomous traits?

A

Traits that will be measured by either yes or no to having it. (e.g myopia)

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9
Q

After a certain point in ranging of phenotypes it is considered what?

A

That you have the disease/trait

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10
Q

What both contribute to polygenic traits?

A

Genes and Environment

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11
Q

What is an example of 100% genetics?

A

eye colour

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12
Q

What is an example of 100% environment?

A

Tattoo’s

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13
Q

What is an example of 50% genetics, 50% environment?

A

Heart disease

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14
Q

Majority of traits are?

A

Polygenic

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15
Q

How many different genes contribute to eye colour?

A

16 (two main ones)

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16
Q

Monogenic traits are usually?

A

Rare (6% of people with any monogenic disease)

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17
Q

Polygenic traits are usually?

A

Common
(people can be affected by more than one complex disease at once)

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18
Q

What are the two key concepts of polygenic traits?

A
  1. Any type of protein can have a genetic variant/change in function.
  2. Proteins anywhere in a pathway/process can be affected.
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19
Q

What is Phenylketonuria (PKU) an example of?

A

Loss of an enzyme at the START of a pathway

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20
Q

What does Phenylketonuria (PKU) lead to?

A

Increased Phenylalanine, decreased concentrations of all other products in pathway.

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21
Q

What is ALDH2 deficiency (asian flush syndrome) an example of?

A

Loss of an enzyme at the END of a pathway

22
Q

What does ALDH2 deficiency (asian flush syndrome) lead to?

A

Increased Acetaldehyde (toxic), Decrease Acetate

23
Q

What is Human purine metabolism as example of?

A

Loss of an enzyme (uricase) in the MIDDLE of a pathway

24
Q

What does Human purine metabolism lead to?

A

Increased uric acid

25
Q

What is Hyperuricaemia?

A

Polygenic condition: “too high” levels of uric acid

26
Q

What do genetic studies look for?

A

Inheritance patterns

27
Q

What do genetic studies of polygenic traits look for?

A

correlations and/or associations

28
Q

Pros of genetic studies:
(polygenic)

A

Polygenic traits are usually common
- can find a lot of people with the condition you’re studying
- can design studies to account for environmental factors

29
Q

Cons of genetic studies: (polygenic)

A

Not looking for one gene/variant
- multiple ways to get the same phenotype

Range of phenotypes available
- how you measure traits/conditions can change the result

30
Q

What does GWAS stand for?

A

Genome Wide Association Studies

31
Q

What do GWAS see?

A

If genetic variants are associated with a phenotype of interest

32
Q

What do GWAS use?

A

Many variants spread throughout the genome (>1,000,000 SNPs)

33
Q

What is cancer caused by?

A

Uncontrolled growth of cells, forming a tumour

34
Q

What are the steps of cancer?

A
  1. Normal cells
  2. Increased division
  3. Uncontrolled growth
  4. Increasingly uncontrolled growth
  5. Spread
35
Q

Genetic variant:

A

Specific difference in DNA sequence between individuals

36
Q

Mutation:

A

Process by which new genetic variants arise
(permanent change in base sequence of DNA)

37
Q

Somatic:

A

All the type of body cells

38
Q

Germline:

A

Reproductive cells, can be passed to next generation.

39
Q

What is cancer a result of?

A

Accumulation of mutations

40
Q

What can cause mutations?

A

Errors in DNA replication, Exposure to carcinogenic chemicals or agents (damages DNA)

41
Q

Risk of cancer increases with?

A

Age (cells undergo more cell divisions)

42
Q

What are proto-oncogenes?

A

Genes that normally help cells grow and divide to make new cells, or to help cells stay alive

43
Q

What are oncogenes?

A

Mutated proto-oncogenes, Genes encoding proteins that promote cell growth.

44
Q

What are tumour suppressor genes?

A

Genes encoding proteins that prevent uncontrolled cell growth.

45
Q

Oncogenes are?

A

Gain of function mutations, (Dominant.)

46
Q

Tumour suppressor genes are?

A

Loss of function mutations,
(Recessive.)

47
Q

What do Proto-Oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes work together to do?

A

Control normal cell growth.

48
Q

Mutation to only one oncogene causes?

A

Accelerated cell growth, increased risk of cancer, tumour suppressor genes still working to prevent uncontrolled cells growth.

49
Q

Mutation to both tumour suppressor genes causes?

A

No prevention to uncontrolled cell growth, increased risk of cancer, Proto-Oncogenes working normally (cells growing at ‘regular’ rate)

50
Q

What does mutation to both Proto-Oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes cause?

A

Uncontrolled cell growth, increases mutation rate of cancer cells.

51
Q

What can increase a persons chance of developing cancer?

A

Inherited genetic variants