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BIOC192 2024 Melia > Lecture 25 - Fatty acids as a fuel molecule #1 > Flashcards

Lecture 25 - Fatty acids as a fuel molecule #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the chemical nature of lipids?

A

Hydrophobic or amphiphilic organic molecules

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2
Q

What are the three forms of lipid in the diet?

A

Phospholipids (membrane) , sterols, triacylglycerol

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3
Q

What is an example of a sterol?

A

Cholesterol

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4
Q

What is the role of cholesterol in the body?

A

A range including membranes, signalling (hormones) and forming bile salts

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5
Q

What is the chemical structure of cholesterol?

A

A hydrophobic ring structure

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6
Q

What is an example of a triacylglycerol (TAGs)?

A

fatty acids

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7
Q

What is a fatty acid?

A

Carbon chain attached to a carboxylic acid

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8
Q

What is a free fatty acid (FFA)?

A

A fatty acid not bound to any other molecule

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9
Q

What is the chemical nature of the carbon chain in fatty acids?

A

Hydrophobic

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10
Q

What is the structure of a triagylglycerol?

A

1x Glycerol (3C) with 3x fatty acids (acyl groups) attached

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11
Q

What component of the TAG is polar?

A

Glycerol

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12
Q

What component of the TAG is non-polar?

A

fatty acid (acyl group)

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13
Q

What type of enzyme breaks down TAGs?

A

Lipase

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14
Q

What does lipase do to TAGs?

A

Hydrolyses it to release the free fatty acids (FFAs)

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15
Q

What are bile acids?

A

Salts synthesised from cholesterol in the liver

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16
Q

How are bile acids synthesised?

A

By adding hydroxyl and/or carboxyl groups to create a hydrophilic face

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17
Q

What do bile acids form?

A

Micelles, multiple bile acids come together to form a hydrophobic core of TAGs inside to be absorbed into epithelial cells

18
Q

What are exogenous fatty acids?

A

Fatty acids ingested from the diet

19
Q

What is the path of exogenous fatty acid transport to the blood stream?

A

Consumed fats exist as TAGs, bile salts break these down into smaller droplets, pancreatic lipase breaks these down into MAG and 2FFAs which are then rearranged to form a micelle for transportation to SI lining for absorption. Once absorbed MAG and 2FFAs are rearranged back into a TAG which are packaged into chylomicrons along with apoproteins to enter capillaries

20
Q

What is a chylomicron?

A

A type of large lipoprotein involved in TAG transport with low protein:lipid (~1:50)

21
Q

What is a lipoprotein?

A

A type of ‘delivery system’ for lipid transportation, to help solubilise them

22
Q

What are the components of a lipoprotein?

A

Phospholipids, unesterified cholesterol, esterified cholesterol, TAGs and apoproteins

23
Q

What is unesterified and esterified cholesterol

A

Cholesterol without and with FFAs attached (respectively)

24
Q

What is an apoprotein?

A

The protein component of the lipoprotein that can have several roles including; structural, ligand for receptors and enzyme co-factors

25
Q

What are the classes of lipoprotein?

A

Chylomicron, VLDL, LDL, HDL

26
Q

What is a VLDL?

A

Very low-density lipoprotein involved in TAG transport with medium lipid:protein (~1:9)

27
Q

What is a LDL?

A

Low-density lipoprotein involved in cholesterol transport

28
Q

What is a HDL?

A

High-density lipoprotein involved in cholesterol regulation

29
Q

What happens to the chylomicron once it enters the blood stream?

A

Lipoprotein lipase hydrolyses the TAG into monoacylglycerol and fatty acids to enter the tissue

30
Q

What is lipoprotein lipase activated by?

A

ApoCll

31
Q

What happens to chylomicron remnants after?

A

They remain in blood

32
Q

What can fatty acids be used for?

A

Fuel or storage

33
Q

What is the preferred fuel for most tissues?

A

Fatty acids

34
Q

Red Muscle Cells tend to use?

A

Fat (endurance)

35
Q

White muscle cells tend to use?

A

Glucose (sprinting)

36
Q

Why are fatty acids the preferred storage molecule?

A

Fatty acids are more reduced than carbohydrates (more energy released when oxidised)

Also takes up less room than carbohydrates (due to carbohydrates water retention)

37
Q

Acetyl-CoA can be formed into ____ to make ____

A

Free fatty acids to make TAGs

38
Q

Chylomicron remnants are absorbed in the?

A

Liver via receptors that recognise ligands on chylomicrons

39
Q

Chylomicron remnants are recycled into:

A

VLDL (with TAGs)
Bile salts and cholesterol

40
Q

What can remove TAGs from VLDL to make LDL?

A

Hepatic Lipase

BIOC192 2024 Melia (36 decks)

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