Lecture 7: Environment, technology

Question 1

Environmental uncertainty

Answer 1

Environmental complexity (simple – complex)
Environmental dynamism (stable – dynamic)

Question 2

PESTLE analysis

Answer 2

Strengths
The focus is on the big picture
Convenient framework to plan for future opportunities and threats

Weaknesses
It may identify non significant factors
Some events are difficult to anticipate
May be time consuming and expensive Slow response

Question 3

Analyze the environment: Scenario planning

Question 4

How to judge if a behavior is ethical?

Answer 4

There is no consensus on what is ethical
Framework by Cavanagh et al. (1981)
Utilitarianism („the greatest good for the greatest number“)
Individual rights (Have individual rights been violated?)
Natural justice (Consistent application of rules)
The ethical decision tree

Question 5

Corporate social responsibility

Question 6

Main reasons for CSR popularity:

Answer 6

Self defence
Increased affluence
Impression management

Question 7

Technology development

Answer 7

First industrial revolution (steam engine)
Second industrial revolution (electricity)
Third industrial revolution (computing)
Fourth industrial revolution (robotics and artificial intelligence)

First machine age (began with steam engine)
Second machine age (computerization)

Question 8

Robots

Answer 8

Desired to perform 4D tasks (Dirty, Dangerous, Dear (expensive), Dull

Question 9

Cobots (collaborative robots)

Answer 9

• Operate in conjunction with employees

* Robot-human teams are 85% more productive than either of them working alone (Hollinger, 2016)

Question 10

Artificial intelligence (AI)

Answer 10

Task is done by computer software which would otherwise require human
intelligence.

Question 11

Machine learning

Answer 11

Allows software applications to become more accurate at predicting outcomes without being explicitly programmed to do so. Machine learning algorithms use historical data as input to predict new output values.

Question 12

Deep learning

Answer 12

Designed to simulate our brain functions

Question 13

Types of AI

Answer 13

Narrwo AI
General AI
Super AI

Question 14

Narrow AI

Question 15

General AI

Question 16

Super AI

Question 17

Augmented reality

Answer 17

Technology that superimposes a computer-generated image on a user’s view of the real world, thus providing a composite view via tablet or phone for example.

Question 18

3 main capabilities of augmented reality

Answer 18

Visualization
Instruction and guidance
Interaction

Question 19

Replacement effect

Answer 19

intelligent machines substitute people at work leading to unemployment.

Question 20

What can be automated?

Answer 20

Routine, repetitive physical work
Jobs with low and medium skills may be the most affected
However, new technology is catching up