Lecture 2: Perception, culture, communication

Question 1

Perception

Answer 1

The dynamic psychological process responsible for attending to, organizing and interpreting sensory data.
= Perception is about subjectivity

Question 2

Perceptual world:

Answer 2

Individual’s personal internal image, map or picture of their social, physical and organizational environment

SENSORY INPUT
SLECTIVE ATTENTION
PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION
INTERPRETATION
BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE

Question 3

Sender

Answer 3

encoding

Question 4

Receiver

Answer 4

decoding

Question 5

Selective attention (perception)

Answer 5

the ability to choose from the stream of sensory data, to concentrate on particular elements, and ignore others

Question 6

Perceptual threshold

Answer 6

a boundary point, either side of which our senses respectively will or will not be able to detect stimuli (e.g., sound, light, touch etc.)

Question 7

Habituation

Answer 7

the decrease in our perceptual response to stimuli once they have become clear

Question 8

Perceptual filters:

Answer 8

individual characteristics, tendencies, biases that affect (or interfere with) the effective transmission and receipt of messages.

Question 9

Halo Effect

Answer 9

(reliance on central traits)
Beauty - intelligence, good person
Height - competence

Question 10

Stereotyping

Answer 10

“judging individuals based on one’s perception of the group to which that person belongs and ignoring variations among them”

Question 11

Stereotype threat

Answer 11

Members of a social group feel they might be judged according to a stereotype and that their behavior/or performance will only confirm that

Question 12

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 12

A prediction that comes true because someone expects it to happen

Question 13

Discrimination

Answer 13

Treatment or consideration of, or making a distinction in favor or against a person based on the group, class or category to which that person belongs rather than on individual merit

Question 14

Appearance bias:

Answer 14

Being attractive benefits for both men and women: 11 to 15 % more income.
Tall men earn more than others (Harper, 2000).

Question 15

Attribution

Answer 15

The process by which we make sense of our environment through our perceptions.

Question 16

Aesthetic labor

Answer 16

trying to control the appearance of employees (e.g., facial expressions, speech, accent, style of dress, hairstyles etc.)

Question 17

Culture:

Answer 17

• Systems of knowledge shared by a relatively large group of people
• Way of life of a group of people
• Sum of total of the learned behavior of a group of people

Question 18

Organizational culture:

Answer 18

“the way we do things around here” (Deal and Kennedy, 1982)
“how people behave when no one is watching” (Hofstede, 1980)
“collective programming of the mind” (Hofstede, 2001)

Question 19

Cultural manifestations

Answer 19

Symbols
Rituals
Stories

Question 20

Symbols:

Answer 20

Indicators of organizational culture with a meaning (e.g., authority symbol)

Question 21

Rituals

Answer 21

Rites, ceremonies, events (e.g., recognition awards, Friday)

Question 22

Stories

Answer 22

Anecdotes on past events (e.g., story of the founder, star employees)

Question 23

Organizational socialization

Answer 23

The process by which people learn the attitudes, knowledge, and the behaviors that are necessary for them to function in a group or organization

Question 24

Anticipatory stage

Answer 24

Expectations that a new comer has about the job and the organization before starting work

Question 25

Accomodation stage

Answer 25

Period during which newcomers learn about organization's norms, values, behaviours, expectations

Question 26

Role management stage

Answer 26

Fine-tuning newcomers' learning and adding those responsabilities expected form fully fledged organizational members

Question 27

Types and traits of organizational culture

Answer 27

``` Caring Purpose Learning Enjoyment Results Authority Safety Order ```

Question 28

Hofstede’s cultural dimensions

Answer 28

- Individualisn -- Collectivism - Power repsect -- Power Tolerance - Unceratinty acceptance -- Uncertainty avoidance - Aggressive goal behavior -- Passive goal behavior - Long term oriented -- short term oriented

Question 29

GLOBE

Answer 29

Global Leadership of Organizational Behavior Effectiveness - Expanding Hofstede’s work with new cultural dimensions: ASSERTIVENESS HUMANE ORIENTATION PERFORMANCE ORIENTATION

Question 30

Assertiveness:

Answer 30

the degree to which individuals are bold, forceful, dominant, or demanding in their relationship with others

Question 31

Humane orientation

Answer 31

the degree to which a society rewards individuals for being altruistic, generous, and kind to others

Question 32

Humane orientation

Answer 32

the degree to which a society rewards individuals for being altruistic, generous, and kind to others

Question 33

Performance orientation

Answer 33

the degree to which a society encourages and rewards group members for performance improvement and excellence

Question 34

Strong and weak cultures

Question 35

Main barriers to effective organizational communication:

Answer 35

``` Power differences Gender differences Physical surroundings Language Cultural diversity ```

Question 36

Non-verbal behavior

Answer 36

``` Body movements Appereance With your eyes Through touch Voice qualities Smell Phsysical space Time usage Through objects ```

Question 37

High context culture

Answer 37

Communication is indirect, implicit, subtle, layered and nuanced Messages are both spoken and read between the lines Messages are often implied but not plainly expressed Nonverbal cues like tone of voice, eye movements, gestures and facial expressions carry a great deal of meaning Establishing relationship first

Question 38

Low context culture

Answer 38

Communication is concise, straight forward, explicit, simple and clear Requires attention to the literal meanings of words than to the context surrounding them Repetition is often used to provide the necessary clarity The purpose and outcome of the communication takes precedence over interpersonal relationships Get down to business first

Question 39

Gender differences in communication

Question 40

Emotional Intelligence (EQ)

Answer 40

A person’s ability to: - perceive emotions in the self and others, - understand the meaning of these emotions, and - regulate his or her own emotions accordingly