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Animal Behaviour *3090 > Lecture 7: Endocrine system and stress physiology > Flashcards

Lecture 7: Endocrine system and stress physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major processes the endocrine system controls?

A

Behaviour
-Reproduction
-Growth and development
-Maintaining electrolyte, water and nutrients balance of the blood
-Regulating cellular metabolism and energy balance
-Defences against stressors (neuroendocrine integration)

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2
Q

What are the 4 main endocrine axes? why are they important?

A

-The most chronic and prolonged response to stress events are the result of endocrine axes

  1. Adreno-cortical axis
  2. Somatotropic axis
  3. Thyroid axis
  4. Posterior pituitary axis
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3
Q

What types of hormones exist?

A

-Amino acid-based molecules (includes proteins, peptides and amines)
-Steroids (made from cholesterol)
-Lipids (prostaglandins)

Hormone interaction is very specific

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4
Q

How do hormones take action?

A

-Reception of the signal: hormone binds to specific receptor protein
-Signal transduction
-Response: a change in cells behaviour

One hormone can bind to a variety of receptors in various target cells- different response to the same hormone (depends where the hormone binds ie the receptor)
Ex Adrenaline, in heart cells causes cellar contraction, in liver cases glycogen breakdown

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5
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Hormones can stimulate other hormones

A

TRUE

-This is the most common stimulus ex hormones of the hypothalamus stimulate the pituitary and hormones from the pituitary stimulate the adrenal cortex
-As the final (target cell) hormones increase they “feed back” to inhibit release of initial emulating hormones
-This leads to rhythmic relate- levels rising and falling again and again

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6
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: changing blood levels of certain ions and nutrients may also stimulate certain hormones

A

TRUE

-Ex decreasing blood calcium levels prompt release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)
-The blood calcium levels soon rise- ending the stimulus for PTH release

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7
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: in isolated cases only nerve fibres stimulate hormone release.

A

TRUE

-EX sympathetic nervous stimulation of the adrenal medulla to release noradrenalin and adrenal during periods of stress

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8
Q

What is the control of release by the negative feedback loop?

A

-Some internal or external stimulus triggers hormone secretion
-Leads to increase levels of hormones in the body
-The rising levels inhibits further hormone release

(regulated by neg feedback pop by levels in blood stream)

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9
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

-Are ductless
-Release hormones into the blood or lymph
-Ex hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal gland

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10
Q

What is the hypothalamus’ role in the endocrine system?

A

-Receives info from nerves
-Sends nervous + endocrine signals
-Uses pituitary gland to relay directions (hormones) to other glands
-Posterior pit- composed of nervous tissue
-Anterior pituitary- composed of endocrine cells

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11
Q

What is the posterior pituitary’s role in the endocrine system?

A

-Acts as a storage for hormones produced in the hypothalamus
-The releases them into the blood stream
-OXYTOCIN:during parturition (birth) and lactation
-ANTIDIRECTIC HORMONE (ADH): inhibits or prevents urine volume production=blood volume increases

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12
Q

What is the anterior pituitary’s role in the endocrine system?

A

-Endocrine gland
-Produces and releases 6 hormones in total
1. Growth hormone
2. Prolactin
3. ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
4. TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
5. FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
6. LH (luteinizing hormone)

1 and 2 effect non-endocrine target

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13
Q

Where is the adrenal glands and what does it do?

A

-It is essentially 2 endocrine organs
-Cortex (glandular)
-Medulla (neural)

medulla is central and is surrounded by the cortex
ON TOP OF KIDNEYS

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14
Q

What are the different parts of the adrenal cortex?

A

-Consists of 3 layers of cells (from outermost towards the centre)
-Mineralcorticoid-secreting area
-Glucocorticoid-secreting area
-Sex hormone secreting area

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15
Q

What is the adrenal medulla and what does it produce?

A

-Develops from a knots of nervous tissue
- Is stimulated by the sympathetic NS
-2 hormones -catecholaimes
-Epinephrine (adrenaline)
-Norepinephraine (Noradrenaline)
-Responsible for the fight or flight response

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16
Q

What is the thyroid gland and what does it produce?

A

-makes 2 hormones
- Thyroid hormone (major metabolic hormone)
- Calcitonin (Ca2+ metabolism)
-Thyroid hormones
-T3-triiodothyronine
-T4-thyroxine

Control rate of glucose levels burn into energy

17
Q

What is a psychosocial Stressor?

A
  1. Must work through cognitive appraisal mechanics-cant directly cause the stress response
  2. They are real or imagined environmental events
    -Stressful situation from experience processed stressful environment can trigger stress response
    -ex speech in class or back to school new classmates/exam.
    -Health exam can be + or -
    - Have to access situation bc don’t know from + or -
18
Q

What is biogenic stressor?

A

1.Work directly on neurological triggering nuclei- no cognitive-affect processing
2.EX of caffeine, nicotine, pain, extreme cold or heat-Cold or raining, still cause stress but don’t think about it

19
Q

What is Eustress?

A
  • Play behaviour
    -Glucocortiids in blood can increase even tho its from a positive experience
    -In clinical setting if take sample don’t know if its from + or -so behaviour is important
20
Q

What is stress?

A

-Complex term referring to psychological and physiological changes that occur in response to real or perceived threat to homeostasis called ALLOSTASIS
-When encountering an aversive stumbles that is interpreted as potentially harmful the body initiated a complex pattern of endocrine, neural, and immunological activity (stress response)

21
Q

What is allostasis?

A

-Achieving stability through change (psychological or physiological)
-Affects many body fins including change in:
-Cardio fxn
-Respiration
-Glucose metabolism.
-Muscle tension
-Digestion

22
Q

What are the 2 board “stress” categories?

A

Eustress: “good Stress” is a + form of stress that may be preceded as pleasurable
-Can have similar physiological effects as distress ie increase heart rate and elevated glucocorticoids which in themselves are not harmful
-It is positive response to demands
-Ex running during play bout

Distress:
-Develops over a relatively long period of time
-However, acute distress can also occur in response to short, intense stressor
-An animal may be in distress even it appears to recover rapidly after removal of the stressor or the conclusion of the procedure
(prolonged, unpredictable, uncontrollable)

Both:General public often uses “stress” and “distress” interchangeably
-Broader construct of stress has become synonymous with distress

23
Q

What is the stress response?

A

-Evolved to handle physical threats such as temp changes to the appliance of predator, psychological threats elicit a similar response
-Coping mechanisms/adaptive changes
-Behavioural reactions
-Activation of the sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla
-Secretion of stress hormones (glucocorticoids) can measure hormones
-Mobilization of immune system will be activated
-May involve at least one of the before minted systems although none of them is by itself necessary or sufficient to denote stress
-Physiological responses are not necessarily the same for all stressors, but some common ones

24
Q

What is the transition from stress to distress?

A

-Depends on stressor: duration and intensity
-ex short term restraint- no marked problems in adaptation
-long term restraint- distress smites expressed by vocalizations and gastric ulcers

25
Q

What is the affect of controllability vs predictability?

A

-Animals that can predict the onset of a stressful stimuli or control its duration, the behavioural and physiological impacts of stressor exposure are reduced

26
Q

What a stress response to psychosocial stimuli?

A

-Stressor event
-Cognitive appraisal and integration
-Neurological triggering (ie limbic nuclei, hypothalamic nuclei)
-Physiological response
-Target organ activation
-Coping behaviour

27
Q

What is the cognitive and affective processes?

A

Cognitive appraisal: refers to the process of cognitive interpretation ie the meanings that are assigned to the worlds as it unfolds

Affective integration: refers to the blending and colouring of felt emotion into the cognitive interpretation (make a decision is this a stressor yes or no)

-The resultant cognitive-affective complex represents how the stressors are ultimately perceived

28
Q

What is are the anatomical epicenters?

A

Brainstem: Locus coeruleus (noradrenalin dominated) in the pons
Limbic system: emotional control center of the brain

29
Q

What are the 3 physiological pathways? What are the 3 neural axes?

A

Neural axes: stress response via neural innervation of target organs
Neuroendocine axis: flight or fight
Endocrine axis: most chromic aspect of the stress response, greater intensity to activate (long period of stress)

The sympathetic NS: generalized arousal w/in end organs, most common form of neural stress responsiveness- Noradrenalin is responsible

The Parasympathetic NS: inhibition, slowing, acetylcholine is responsible

The neuromuscular system: A prime target for immediate activation BUT limited to ability to relate neurotransmitter under chronically high stimulation “flight or fight response axis”

30
Q

What are pivotal organs in the flight or fight response?

A

Amygdala: Is the highest point of flight or fight origination. there is a downward flow of neural impulses to the hypothalamus
-Descend through the thoracic spinal cord
-Innervating the adrenal gland- more specially the adrenal medulla

-resulting in a hormonal output of catecholamines (noradrenaline, adrenalin)

31
Q

What is the short term stress response?
Multiple choice Q

A
  1. Glycogen broken down to glucose; increased blood glucose
  2. Increased blood pressure
  3. Increased breathing rate
  4. Increased metabolic rate
  5. Change in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive and kidney activity
32
Q

What is the adrenal cortical axis?

A

-Hypothalamus (CRF: corticotropin-releasing factor)

-Anterior pituitary: ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) Glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosterone)
Endorphins

-Adrenal Cortex: Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

33
Q

What is the long term stress response?
Multiple choice Q

A

Mineralocorticoids
1. Retention of Na+ ions and water by kidneys
2. Increased blood volume and blood pressure

Glucocorticoids
1. Proteins and fats broken down and converted to glucose. leading to increased blood glucose
2. Immune system may be suppressed

34
Q

What is the somatotropin axis?

A

Hypothalamus:SRF (somatotropin releasing factor)

Anterior pituitary: GH (growth hormone)

Effect of GH: increase in free fatty acids and glucose in blood

35
Q

What is the thyroid axis?

A

Hypothalamus: TRF (thyrotropin-releasing factor)

Anterior pituitary: TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

Thyroid gland: T3 -triiodothyronine and T4 thyroxine (causes the inhibition of hypo and anterior p)

Results: increase in general metabolism, heart rate, heart contractility, peripheral vascular resistance, and seniority of some tissues to catecholamines

36
Q

What is the posterior pituitary axis?

A

-Receives neural impulses from the supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus
-Releases hormones:
-ADH (antidiuretic hormone) leads to water retention
-Oxytocin-role in stress response is unclear but may be involve in premature birth

Animal Behaviour *3090 (20 decks)

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