Lecture 10: Learning pt 3: motivation Flashcards
What type of feedback does learning provide?
Applied ex foraging:
-Learning from conspecifics (including transgenerational learning)
-Learning from post-ingestive feedback
How does an animal learn from sisal models?
-In utero: food flavour based on experience in utero
-In milk: food ingested by the mother influences he chemical composition and flavour of milk
all leads to….
Food preference of young livestock being conditioned before they begin to eat solid food
What are the effects of a mother and her offspring? (Rabbit)
-Rabbits have limited maternal care (5mins per 24h) during the nursing period (26d)
-They are nightly selective in what they eat foraging herbivores
-moms influenced feeding behaviour, the 3 different roots of flavour of good/healthy tasty food
-Mom’s also have specific smell so that can also influence associated the smell with safe choice and the one that ate when pups
What are the 2 broad classes of learning from school models?
- Non-imitative learning
- True -imitation
What is non imitative learning through observations?
-Contagion- genetic, flock behaviour, herd behaviour
-Social facilitation/social enhancement: increase or decrease in certain motivation to perform certain behaviour
-Socially mediated aversive conditioning: transfer of fear
-Local enhancement: finding new foraging areas
-Stimulus enhancement
What is true-imitation learning?
-not innate/instinctive
-copying of a novel or otherwise improbable act
Explain how social influences on food preferences affecting offspring.
-Risk of eating toil food, if mom avoids it lambs will how this preferences/avoidance
-Russian olive and caragena, ewes chose to eat what mom ate, even after grown up, they would try the other plant but went back to what the mom ate
-Same idea with cows that individually condoned to avoid Larkspur years later they still had preferences, but the other animals that weren’t conditioned followed along and avoided it
Some up the types of learning we have discussed this far.
-Learning in utero before and after weaning: perinatal microbiome colonization
-Peer-learning (from mothers and peers)
-Individual “by consequences” learning: with the help of ingestive feedback specially after weaning
What is individual “by consequences” learning?
-Lamb not eating what mom ate
-Physical characteristic may causes them to act different or more sensitive toxin
-“classical conditioning” they don’t want to try new things if they feel sick after eating a new food
What is individual food preferences?
Observation of others is a way in which motivation is altered, however individual post-ingestive feedback is key as well
-From environment (sensory input) or social environment
What energizes individual behaviour?
-What are motivations (high grades, war)
-Motivation studies are often linked to hunger/thirst
What concepts does motivation help us understand?
-Behavioural variability
-Why some animals choose to do different things when external environments stay constant
-Why animals react as they do
-What energies and directs behaviour
-Includes learning, cognition, sensory, effective states
-Changes in what stimuli animals will seek out and respond to and which they will ignore
-How much effort they will put into doing different behaviour
-Behaviour performed at nay given moment and intensity of goal-oriented behaviour
What are the 3 main ways that motivation is studied?
- Physiological approaches
- Psychological approaches
- Philosophical approaches
What are the 4 motivational components that energize behaviour?
-motivation is an internal state helped by 4 reversible components
-Cognition
-Emotions
-Biology
-Environment
*note 4 can interact to form goal oriented behaviour
What does the motivational component of biology mean (theories) including some historical theories?
-Genetic, innate releasing mechanisms, species specific
-Biological monitoring systems
-ex “drive” models, homeostasis, intervening variables
-Stimulated by stimulus response theory
-Very automatic and stereotypic behaviour: used term ‘fixed action patter’
-Cant change with experience/learning bc highly specific