Lecture 10: Learning pt 3: motivation Flashcards

1
Q

What type of feedback does learning provide?

A

Applied ex foraging:
-Learning from conspecifics (including transgenerational learning)
-Learning from post-ingestive feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does an animal learn from sisal models?

A

-In utero: food flavour based on experience in utero
-In milk: food ingested by the mother influences he chemical composition and flavour of milk
all leads to….

Food preference of young livestock being conditioned before they begin to eat solid food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the effects of a mother and her offspring? (Rabbit)

A

-Rabbits have limited maternal care (5mins per 24h) during the nursing period (26d)
-They are nightly selective in what they eat foraging herbivores
-moms influenced feeding behaviour, the 3 different roots of flavour of good/healthy tasty food
-Mom’s also have specific smell so that can also influence associated the smell with safe choice and the one that ate when pups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 2 broad classes of learning from school models?

A
  1. Non-imitative learning
  2. True -imitation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is non imitative learning through observations?

A

-Contagion- genetic, flock behaviour, herd behaviour
-Social facilitation/social enhancement: increase or decrease in certain motivation to perform certain behaviour
-Socially mediated aversive conditioning: transfer of fear
-Local enhancement: finding new foraging areas
-Stimulus enhancement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is true-imitation learning?

A

-not innate/instinctive
-copying of a novel or otherwise improbable act

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Explain how social influences on food preferences affecting offspring.

A

-Risk of eating toil food, if mom avoids it lambs will how this preferences/avoidance
-Russian olive and caragena, ewes chose to eat what mom ate, even after grown up, they would try the other plant but went back to what the mom ate
-Same idea with cows that individually condoned to avoid Larkspur years later they still had preferences, but the other animals that weren’t conditioned followed along and avoided it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Some up the types of learning we have discussed this far.

A

-Learning in utero before and after weaning: perinatal microbiome colonization
-Peer-learning (from mothers and peers)
-Individual “by consequences” learning: with the help of ingestive feedback specially after weaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is individual “by consequences” learning?

A

-Lamb not eating what mom ate
-Physical characteristic may causes them to act different or more sensitive toxin
-“classical conditioning” they don’t want to try new things if they feel sick after eating a new food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is individual food preferences?

A

Observation of others is a way in which motivation is altered, however individual post-ingestive feedback is key as well
-From environment (sensory input) or social environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What energizes individual behaviour?

A

-What are motivations (high grades, war)
-Motivation studies are often linked to hunger/thirst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What concepts does motivation help us understand?

A

-Behavioural variability
-Why some animals choose to do different things when external environments stay constant
-Why animals react as they do
-What energies and directs behaviour
-Includes learning, cognition, sensory, effective states
-Changes in what stimuli animals will seek out and respond to and which they will ignore
-How much effort they will put into doing different behaviour
-Behaviour performed at nay given moment and intensity of goal-oriented behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 3 main ways that motivation is studied?

A
  1. Physiological approaches
  2. Psychological approaches
  3. Philosophical approaches
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 4 motivational components that energize behaviour?

A

-motivation is an internal state helped by 4 reversible components
-Cognition
-Emotions
-Biology
-Environment
*note 4 can interact to form goal oriented behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the motivational component of biology mean (theories) including some historical theories?

A

-Genetic, innate releasing mechanisms, species specific
-Biological monitoring systems
-ex “drive” models, homeostasis, intervening variables
-Stimulated by stimulus response theory
-Very automatic and stereotypic behaviour: used term ‘fixed action patter’
-Cant change with experience/learning bc highly specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a scenario example of motivational biology?

A

Egg-retrieving greylag goose
-Reacts to egg falling out of nest
-Fixed action to roll back egg
-linked to broodiness or specific behaviour
-Feather pecking “adverted foraging behaviour”

Set point example (old)
-Reaction to bring back level to set point
ex glucose level isn’t always specific and same b/w individuals its a range
-Mechanism in brain set point error detector and error correction mechanism: motivated ‘drive’ to activate feeding response which provides neg feedback and brings physiological parameter back to set point
-homeostatic error detection (neural, endocrine, etc) becomes activated whenever the monitored goal parameter (glucose, water, salt) becomes too low/high

17
Q

What is hedonic hunger?

A

-anticipatory ingestive behaviour before physiological depletion occurs so involves additional processes related to motivation
(tastes goo/pleasure vs actually hungry so find food) involves an emotional component ie
-Cant explain everything based on homeostatic model (deer eating at zoo and wants food but is obese so hedonic hunger)
-Generated externally from taste of food/ sensory input

18
Q

What is the 4 stimuli and 4 responses illustration trying to point out?

A

-motivational state - intervening variable (thirst) = link b/w inputs and behavioural outputs

19
Q

What is operant/ instrumental conditioning/ learning?

A

-Animals interact with their environment = operating something in their environment
-Operant conditioning involves an association b/w a stimulus and a response (ex sound and lever-passing behaviour)
-If the response has favourable outcomes, animals will tend to make the response again
-Behaviour is changed according to the consequences (reinforcing/punishing stimulus)

20
Q

How is motivated behaviour divided?

A

Has 2 phases
Appetitive phase:
-instrumental/operant (flexible) responses are performed to gain access to goal; goal-seeking phase (measured in labs)
-Can be changed with help from learning

Consummatory phase
-Terminates appetite phase
-Nest building, escaping, swimming
-Species specific, compare house vs bird (swallowing vs drinking)
-Engaging with the goal of the motivational state

21
Q

How do you test the strength of motivation?

A

-motivation test: defined as work an animal will do to gain what it needs
-Amount of work the animal will perform indicates the importance of the reward to the animal

22
Q

What is the difference between motivation test and preference test?

A

-Preference tests tell us which option an animal prefers but motivation tests how much they prefer it