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5) Post-Harvest > Lecture 7: Classification of Fruits and Veg > Flashcards

Lecture 7: Classification of Fruits and Veg Flashcards

1
Q

define fruit from a botanical viewpoint

A
  • developed ovary of a flower

- product of determinate growth from an angiospermous flower or inflorescence

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2
Q

what does the botanical viewpoint of fruit not include?

A
  • does not include what arises from growth of a receptacle (eg. apples and strawberries)
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3
Q

what does the botanical viewpoint of fruit include, which are no commonly considered fruits?

A

nuts
grains
legumes
common veg: cucumber, tomato, peas, beans, eggplat

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4
Q

define the consumer point of view of fruits

A

plant products with aromatic flavors which are naturally or normally sweetened before eating

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5
Q

define the consumer’s point of view of vegetables

A

soft edible plant products that are commonly salted, not sweetened, cooked and eaten with meat or fish dishes

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6
Q

the plant part that gives rise to a veg is readily recognized from its ____

A

appearance

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7
Q

artichoke is a _____
asparagus is a ____
spinach is a ___
carrot is a ____

A

flower bud
steam sprout
leaf blade
root

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8
Q

fruits may be classified ____ or ___ grounds into several distinct types

A

structural or morphological

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9
Q

fleshy fruits are classified as what?

A 
drupe
berry
pome
hesperidium
pepo
synconium
sorosis
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10
Q

how do dry fruits mature naturally?

what does this include?

A

in the dry state

includes cereals (wheat, barley, rice…) and nuts

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11
Q

legumes are part of which group? what are they considered as?

A

belongs to fruit group

but considered veg

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12
Q

what are carpels?

what types are there?

A
  • individual seed bearing structures of the flower
  • may be separate from each other (apocarpus) or fused together (symcarpous)
  • collectively constitutes “gynoecium”
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13
Q

describe the ovary

A

seed containing cavity of a carpel

- the wall of the ovary develops into the pericarp of the fruit

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14
Q

where does the pericarp (fleshy part) of the fruit develop from?

A

the wall of the ovary

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15
Q

the edible fleshy part of a fruit developed from what usually?

what else can it derive from?

A

ovary wall

or the tissues of the receptacle (enlarged tip of the stem from which the floral organ arises)

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16
Q

what are bracts?

A

leaf-like structures protecting flowers

can also enlarge and become fleshy (eg. pineapples)

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17
Q

what are all the ways that the edible fleshy part (pericarp) can develop?

A
  • wall of ovary (seed containing cavity of a carpel)
  • tissues of the receptable (enlarged tip of the stem where the floral organ arises)
  • other organs such as bracts (lead life structures protecting flowers)
18
Q

describe drupe stone fruits

what are the different layers of the pericarp?

what are examples?

A
  • single seeded stone fruit demonstrating morpholigcal evolution
  • developed form single carpel

layers:

  • epicarp (thin outer skin)
  • mesocarp (flashy middle layer)
  • endocarp (thick hard shell) surrounding single seed

ex: cherry, peach, apricot, plum

19
Q

what are aggregates of druplets

examples?

A
  • developed from single apocarpous flower with several carpels or several druplets
  • raspberries and blackberries
20
Q

describe a berry

ex?

A

consists of a simple morphological structure w/ a thin skin enclosing a juicy flesh containing many seeds

ex: grapes, bananas, currants, blueberries, papayas

21
Q

what are pome fruits. examples?

what are aggregated pomes?

A

flesh developed from the fleshy receptable which surrounds a harder core containing seed (ex: apples and pears)

aggregated pome:

  • ex stawberry
  • aggregate of single seeded fruits like drupes on a fleshy receptable
22
Q

what are Hesperidium?

A

covers citrus fruits in a modified form of berries with a well developed endocarp

23
Q

what does pepo include

examples?

A

fruits belonging to the cucumber family with a berry like characteristic but with a hard outer layer developed from the receptable

ex: melons, cantaloup, cucumber

24
Q

what is synconium. Example?

A

group representing multiple (collective) morphological behavior

fruits with a hollow fleshy receptacle containing fruits from several individual flowers

ex: fig

25
Q

what is sorosis. Example?

A

group of fruits with fleshy floral bracts and receptacle with a terminal leafy shoot

ex: pineapple

26
Q

what are the 7 classes of fruits?

A
  1. drupe (stone or aggregate)
  2. berry
  3. pome (and aggregate pome)
  4. hesperidium
  5. pepo
  6. synconium
  7. sorosis
27
Q

what are 3 classes of vegetables? what is this based on?

A
  1. bulky vegetative organs
  2. leafy succulent tissues
  3. fruit vegetables

based on the plant organ used

28
Q

what are types of bulky vegetative organs? examples of each?

A

roots: beet, cassava, carrot, horseradish, radish, sweet potato

tubers: potato, yam
bulkbs: onion, garlic

29
Q

what are types of leafy succulent tissues? examples of each?

A

leafy: brussels sprouts, cabbage, celery, lettuce, parsley, spinach
floral: artichokes, broccoli, cauliflower
stems: asparagus, fennel

30
Q

what are types of fruit vegetables? examples of each?

A

immature fruit: bean, cucumber, eggplant, okra, squash

mature fruit: melons, pumpkin, tomato

31
Q

what is another way that fruits and veg can be classified?

A

functional properties (resp rates, resp behaviour, ethylene prod rate, chilling sensitivity)

32
Q

why is classification based on resp rate imp?

A

b/c rate of deterioration of the farvested commodities is proportional to the rate of respiration

higher rate = lower keeping quality

33
Q

what are the 3 categories of fruits and veg based on resp rate?

A

RR < 10mg CO2/(kg.h): nuts, dates, dried fruits and veg, apple, citrus, etc..

RR < 10-40mg CO2/(kg.h): apricot, avocado, banana, cherry…

RR < 40-60mg CO2/(kg.h): artichoke, asparagus, snap bean, broccoli, etc…

34
Q

describe the graph of storage life of a produce vs resp rate of the product

what does this mean?

A

steep decrease in shelf life as RR increases

shows that lowering RR = drastically extends shelf life

35
Q

what are classifications of fruits based on resp rates, ethylene production rates, maturity, ripening and senescence?

A

climacteric

nonclimacteric

36
Q

describe climacteric fruits

A

fruits with a large increase in resp and ethylene produc rates almost coincident with ripening

37
Q

describe nonclimacteric fruits

A

fairly uniform rate between resp/ethylene production rates with ripening

38
Q

what are classifications of fruits and veg based on ethylene production rates?

A

ethylene prod rate at 20C below 10uL C2H4/kg.h

ethylene prod rate at 20C between 1-10uL C2H4/kg.h

ethylene prod rate at 20C above 100uL C2H4/kg.h

39
Q

what is chilling injury?

how can it be prevented?

A

common physiological disorder in tropical and subtropical commodities held at temps between 0-10C

can prevent by not storing at temp below which they might get chilling injury

40
Q

what are 2 groups based on chilling injuries?

A

non-chilling sensitive commodities

chilling sensitive commodities

5) Post-Harvest (17 decks)

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