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Nutitional Science > Lecture 7: Alcohol And Metabolism > Flashcards

Lecture 7: Alcohol And Metabolism Flashcards

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0
Q

The history of alcohil in diet

A
  • consumed for thousands of years
  • used for centuries
    • medical treatment
    • anesthetic
    • safe beverage source (compare to unclean water)
  • created by fermentationof grains, cereals, fruits
  • strong cultural roots
  • strictly prohibited in some religion
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1
Q

Alcohols and hydroxyl

A
  • all alcohols have one or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups
  • glycerol is the alcohol used to make triglycerides
  • ethanol is the alcohol in beer, wine, and distilled liquor
    • 2 carbon skeleton
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2
Q

Alcohol nutrition

A
  • 7 Calories per gram
  • ethanol provides no essential nutrients to human health
  • some alcoholic beverages, such as beer, contain small amounts of B vits, biotin, magnesium, selenium, and phosphorus
  • the “french paradox” = high fat diet + red wine
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3
Q

Recommended intake

A
  • consume alcohol in moderation
    •two drinks per day for men
    • one drink per day for wonen
    • one drink = 1.5 oz distilled spirits, 4-5 oz wine, 10 oz wine cooler or 12 oz beer
  • no alcohol consumption during pregnancy due to risk of fetal alcohol symdrome
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4
Q

Benefits of moderate alcohol consumption

A
  • reduce stress
  • enhance sociability and self confidence
  • among the elderly: stimulate appetite => improve dietary intake
  • reduce cardiovascular risks
    • increase HDL (good cholestrol)
    • decrease LDL (bad cholesterol)
    • may blunt platelet aggregation; risk if clot forming
    • wines contain flavonoids, including the potent anyioxidant resveratrol, which may protect heart health
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5
Q

Resveratrol

A

phytochemical, involved in plant immune response

Source of resveratrol in foods:

  • grape skins
  • red wine
  • peanuts
  • cocoa powder
  • baking and dark chocolate
  • japanese knotweed

In animals studies, Resveratol showed anti inflammatory and anti cancer effects, lowers blood sugar glucose after meals, promote cardiovascular health, and prolongs life span in invertebrates

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6
Q

Risks of moderate alcohol consumption

A
  • may increase risk of breast cancer among some women
  • may increase blood pressure
  • may increase calorie intake and weight
  • dangerous if consumed with certain medications, including OTC drugs
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7
Q

Alcohol absorption

A
  • absorbed in the stomach and small intestine
  • transported to the liver for metabolism
  • excess released into the bloodstream and distributed to all tissues
  • liver is the major organ for alcohol metabolism
  • liver can only metabolize alcohol 1 drink per hour so then there would be very little released into the blood
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8
Q

Rate of absorbtion depend on…

A
  • amount and speed of alcohol consumption
  • presence or absence of food in the stomach
  • gender (women have less body mass and less ADH in stomach)
  • health status
  • age
  • genetics
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9
Q

Alcohol Oxidation in the Liver

A

-Liver metabolizes about one alcoholic drink per hour
CH3-CH2-OH ADH CH3-CHO ALDH CH3-COO-
ethanol —> acetaldehyde —> acetate
<—

  • If drinking more than this amount, excess is released back into the bloodstream
  • The more alcohol in the bloodstream, the higher the blood alcohol content (BAC)
    • .08 is the legal BAC limit
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10
Q

GENETIC VARIATION IN ALCOHOL METABOLISM

A
  • Certain Asian populations have normal levels of ADH, but low levels of ALDH which causes a toxic build up of acetaldehyde
  • This causes flushed face, nausea and headache
  • Acetaldehyde is very toxic in the body
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11
Q

ALCOHOL METABOLISM – MICROSOMAL ETHANOL OXIDIZING SYSTEM (MEOS)

A
  • The liver MEOS system commonly breaks down and detoxifies medications and toxins.
  • The body will metabolize alcohol FIRST, so drugs build up in the system to toxic levels.
  • This can be fatal.
  • This is why it is dangerous to combine alcohol and drugs.
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12
Q

WHAT IS ALCOHOL ABUSE?

A
  • Excessive alcohol consumption (occasional or chronic)
  • Binge drinking – consuming ≥4 alcoholic drinks on one occasion (within 3-5 h period)
  • Alcoholism – chronic dependence on alcohol
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13
Q

EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL INTAKE: YOUTH

A
  • Binge drinking: consuming 4+ drinks in one occasion
  • Causes neurotoxicity in the frontal cortex (decision making) and the hippocampus (memory) due to excessive release of glutamate after drinking is over
  • Alcohol consumption is the number one cause of death among those under 21 years of age
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14
Q

THE TRUTH ABOUT SOBERING UP

A
  • What does NOT help to speed up alcohol breakdown?
    • Walk around
    • Coffee or Caffeine
    • Supplements
  • What does help?
    • Only consume one drink per hour
    • Drink water before and after
  • ADH build up is what cause a hangover
  • Drinking water after a hangover will help a lot! You get a headache from the dehydration
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15
Q

HANGOVERS

A
  • Build up of acetaldehyde causes vomiting, nausea
  • Loss of glucose from liver storage causes weakness
  • Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance (loss of potassium and sodium through increased urine production) from the body and brain causes headache, fatigue and nausea
    * Frequent urination due to suppression of Vasopressin (Antidiuretic Hormone)
  • the only cure is water
16
Q

CHRONIC ALCOHOL ABUSE: MALNUTRITION

A
  • Primary malnutrition: alcohol intake displaces food intake leading to deficiencies of protein, vitamin and minerals due to inadequate intake of these nutrients
  • Secondary malnutrition: alcohol intake inhibits the proper digestion, absorption, transport, activation and/or retention of nutrients consumed in the diet
17
Q

FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME

A
  • Alcohol is a known teratogen
  • Alcohol crosses the placenta and enters the fetal bloodstream
  • Immature fetal liver cannot metabolize alcohol
  • Results in dose-dependent birth defects
  • Binge/heavy drinking in first trimester typically results in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and may result in Sudden Infant Death (SID)
18
Q

FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME SYMPTOMS

A

-Intrauterine growth retardation
-Facial abnormalities
-Heart defects
-Slow growth after birth
-High infant mortality rate
-Lasting emotional, behavioral,
social, learning and
developmental problems throughout life

19
Q

B Vitamins: Energy Metabolism

A
  • Vitamin B1: Thiamin
  • Vitamin B2: Riboflavin
  • Vitamin B3: Niacin
  • Vitamin B6
  • Pantothenic acid
  • Biotin
20
Q

B Vitamins: Cell regeneration and red blood cell synthesis

A
  • Folate

- Vitamin B12

21
Q

B VITAMINS IN FOOD

A
  • When foods are processed, we often lose some of the nutrition, including B vitamins
  • In the US, B vitamins are added back into foods by means of enrichment
  • Enriched grains are a large source of B vitamins in the US diet
22
Q

VITAMIN B1: THIAMIN

A
  • First discovered B-complex vitamin
  • Function: Part of the coenzyme thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) involved in carbohydrate and branched-chain amino acid metabolism, and biosynthesis of acetylcholine and GABA neurotransmitters
  • Food Sources: Pork, enriched grains, sweet potato
    • One cup of Total Cereal meets daily needs
23
Q

VITAMIN B1: THIAMIN (Deficiency)

A

Deficiency: Beriberi

  • Causes muscle wasting and peripheral nerve damage (neuropathy).
  • Widespread in China when rice was highly processed and refined and not enriched with B vitamins
  • Alcoholics are at risk for Beriberi as well
    • Thiamin intake is probably low in the diet
    • Thiamin need is increased in order to metabolize alcohol
    • Alcohol consumption decreases thiamin absorption
  • no known toxicity of overdosing
24
Q

VITAMIN B2: RIBOFLAVIN

A
  • Function: Coenzyme for flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
  • Involved in the electron transport chain during energy metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and protein
  • Function: Part of coenzyme required by glutathione peroxidase, an antioxidant
25
Q

VITAMIN B2: RIBOFLAVIN (continue)

A

-Food Sources = eggs, meats, dairy products, broccoli, enriched grains
-Characteristics: Heat stable, but sensitive to light
-Must package milk in opaque containers to protect riboflavin from sunlight
-Deficiency: Ariboflavinosis
*Sore throat, dry & scaly lips, purple
tongue, irritated skin, impaired vitamin B6 and
niacin metabolism
-No known toxicity

26
Q

VITAMIN B3: NIACIN

A
  • Function: form coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) which are required for oxidation-reduction reactions involved in catabolism
  • Function: coenzyme in DNA replication and repair
  • A limited amount of niacin can be synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan
27
Q

VITAMIN B3: NIACIN (continue)

A

-Deficiency: Pellagra
*Dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia
-No known toxicity from food
-Food sources: meat, fish, poultry, enriched grains
*Niacin availability is higher in meats
-Excessive supplementation
may cause flushing and more
severe symptoms over time

28
Q

PANTOTHENIC ACID (VITAMIN B5)

A
  • Function: metabolized into two important coenzymes involved in metabolism
    • Coenzyme A (CoA)
    • Acyl carrier protein (ACP)
  • Food sources: many foods, but high amounts in chicken, beef, egg yolk, potatoes, oat cereals, tomato products, whole grains and organ meats
29
Q

VITAMIN B6: PYRIDOXINE COMPOUNDS

A

-Function: Coenzyme in 100+ enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism
*without B6, all amino acid are essential
-Function: Essential for gluconeogenesis, releasing glucose from glycogen and several steps in glucose metabolism
-Food Sources: meat, fish (tuna),
poultry, enriched grains,
starchy vegetables, bananas

30
Q

VITAMIN B6: PYRIDOXINE COMPOUNDS (continue)

A
  • Deficiency Symptoms: anemia, convulsions, depression, confusion, skin issues
    • Typically affect the skin, blood and nervous system
  • No known toxicity from food
  • Excess supplementation can cause nerve and skin problems
31
Q

BIOTIN (VITAMIN B7)

A

-Function: coenzyme in metabolism
and in creating fats and glucose
-Food sources: many foods
-Deficiency: rare, except in people who consume large numbers of raw egg whites over long periods of time: hair loss, dermatitis, conjunctivitis
*Albumin is a protein in the raw egg white that binds biotin with high affinity and prevents its absorption

32
Q

B-VITAMINS REVIEW

A
  • B-vitamins act as co-enzymes
  • B-vitamins are essential for energy metabolism, but do not serve as energy source
  • B-vitamins take part in synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol, and gluconeogenesis
  • B-vitamins are involved in metabolism of carbohydrates, fatty acids and amino acids
  • Good sources of B-vitamins are: whole grains, cereals, meats, dairy products and some fruits and vegetables
33
Q

IODINE: TRACE MINERAL

A
  • Function: synthesis of thyroid hormone
    • Regulate metabolic reactions associated with body temp, resting metabolic rate, macronutrient metabolism, reproduction and growth
  • Food Sources: seafood, iodized salt
34
Q

IODINE AND TYROID HORMONES

A

-Deficiency: goiter, hypothyroidism
-World Health Organization: “Iodine deficiency is the greatest single cause of preventable brain damage and mental retardation” in the world.
-Deficiency during pregnancy causes cretinism in baby
*Mental retardation, stunted growth, deafness, muteness
-Excess iodine: blocks the synthesis of
thyroid hormone; leads to goiter

35
Q

MICRONUTRIENTS INVOLVED IN ENERGY METABOLISM (Choline)

A
  • Choline (vitamin-like): important for metabolism, structural integrity of cell membranes, neurotransmission
  • Deficiency: can cause fatty liver
  • Toxicity: fishy body odor, vomiting, diarrhea, low blood pressure
  • Sources: eggs, milk, meat, and many other foods
  • Added to many foods as an emulsifier (lecitin)
36
Q

MICRONUTRIENTS INVOLVED IN ENERGY METABOLISM (Chromium)

A
  • Chromium (trace mineral): enhances ability of insulin to transport glucose to cells
  • Deficiency: very rare, it was documented only in laboratory animals when chromium was removed from diet.
  • Toxicity: under investigation, possible DNA damage when taken in high doses as a supplement
  • Sources: many foods
  • Controversy: can chromium supplements help loose body fat and increase muscle mass?
37
Q

MICRONUTRIENTS INVOLVED IN ENERGY METABOLISM (Maganese)

A
  • Manganese (trace mineral): many functions including roles in metabolism, synthesis of protein matrix in bones, component in antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase
  • Sources: many foods
  • Deficiency: very rare
  • Toxicity: nervous system damage (occupational hazard in mines)
38
Q

MICRONUTRIENTS INVOLVED IN ENERGY METABOLISM (sulfer)

A
  • Sulfur (major mineral): component of thiamin and biotin; essential for metabolism, stabilizes protein shape, plays role in alcohol detoxification
  • Sources: proteins from various foods
  • No known deficiency
  • No known toxicity

Nutitional Science (11 decks)

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