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Nutitional Science > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

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0
Q

Absoprtion

A

Small molecules move frim walls of GI into circulation

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1
Q

Digestion

A

Food is broken down into small molecules

- barrier and immune function

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2
Q

Transport

A

In circulation and to cells

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3
Q

Metabolism

A

In the cell, the chemical reactions that occur to molecules so they can be utilized

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4
Q

Why do we eat?

A
  • hunger

- appetite

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5
Q

Hunger

A

A physiological process that prompts us to find and eat food

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6
Q

Appetite

A

A psychological desire to eat specific foods, from environmental stimulu

  • smell, sight, sound ( marketing and presentation of food)
  • social cues: certain location/activities, feelings
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7
Q

Satiety

A

The feeling of being full

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8
Q

What prompts hunger and satiety?

A
  • signal to the hypothalamus
    • nerve cells/stretch receptors
    • hormones
  • food bulk: bulk (fiber and water), protein and fat, and eating slowly can promote satiety
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9
Q

Hormones that promote hunger and satiety

A
  • low blood glucose levels trigger glucagon (signals hunger)
  • ghrelin (signals hunger)
  • Cholecystokinin (signals satiety)
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10
Q

Ancillary organs

A
  • pancreas
  • liver
  • gallbladder
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11
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

Muscle action and movement

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12
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Reaction and secretion

  • hydrolysis: break down of compounds with the addition of water
  • enzymes: proteins that speed up chemical reaction, unchanging in the process (-ase)
  • hormones: chemical messengers that travel to target cells, which then carry out a targeted response
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13
Q

Saliva contains…

A
  • mucus: that lubricates and moistens food
  • antibodies and lysozyme (enzyme): defend against bacteria
  • chemicsl digestion: amylase to break down starch
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14
Q

Esophagus

A
  • anatomy
    • connects mouth and stomach: 10 inches long
    • epiglottis: prevents food from getting lodged in trachea
    -muscle action: peristalsis and gravity
  • passes lower esophageal sphincter into the stomach
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15
Q

Stomach anatomy

A
  • empty is about 3/4 of a cup large

- reservoir that can hold up to about 4 cups

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16
Q

Stomach: muscle action

A

-peristalsis
-mechanical digestion by miscle layers: grinds, churns, mixes
-chyme: semiliquid mass mixed with gastric secretions
• chyme leaves stomach via phyloric sphincter 1-4 hrs after eating

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17
Q

Stomach secretion: gastic juice

A
  • HCl
  • pepsinogen/pepsin
  • gastric lipase
  • intrinsic factor
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18
Q

HCl

A
  • release stimulated by the hormone gastrin
  • denatures protein- chemical digestion
  • kills bacteria
  • activates enzymes
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19
Q

Pepsinogen

A
  • inactive protein enzyme
  • activated to pepsin (active pepsin enzyme) by HCl
  • starts protein digestion -chemical digestion
20
Q

Gastric lipase

A
  • fat digestion begins, small amount occurs - chemical digestion
21
Q

Intrinsic factor (IF)

A

Protein needed for absorbtion of vitamin B12

22
Q

GI Problems: gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A
  • weakened LES
  • some contributors: smoking, overweight large high fat meals, spicy, and acidic foods, caffeine, chocolate, alcohol, lying down after a meal
  • treatment: diet, antacids, other drugs to reduce HCl production
23
Q

Segmentation

A

A muscle movement action that helps movement of food in the small intestine

  • churning and mixing and moving the food up and down as well so its well mixed
24
Q

Small intestine: anatomy

A
  • food stays 3-10 hrs in SI
  • duodenum: 1’
    • connected to stomach via pyloric sphincter
  • jejunum: 4-5’
  • Ileum: 4-5’
    • connected to large intestine via ileocecal valve
  • very folded interior
25
Q

Small intestine: muscle action

A

Peristalsis and segmentation

26
Q

Where is nutrients absorbed the most in thr small intestine??

A

Duodenum and jejunum

27
Q

Small intestine secretions

A
  • secretions received from:
    • pancreas, gallbladder and liver, intestinal cells
  • hormones secretred from small intestine to target organs
28
Q

Pancreas makes ______ for digestion

A
  • bicarbonate: nuetralize contents, enzymes can function

- enzymes: amylase, protease, lipase

29
Q

Liver makes _____ for digestion.

A

Produces bile, an emulsifier for fat ansorption

- other major nutrient related jobs too

30
Q

The gallbladder stores ____ for digestion

A

Stores and secretes bile

31
Q

Intestinal cell enzyme secretions

A
  • cells of the SI produce brush border enzymes
    • specific protease
    • lipase
    • specific sugar enzymes (sucrase, maltase, lactase)
32
Q

Secretin signals….

A
  • the stomach to slow gastric emptying

- the pancreas to secrete panceatic bucarbonate

33
Q

Chilecystokinin (CCK) signals…

A
  • the gallbladder to release bile
  • the pancrease to release pancreatic enzymes
  • the stomach to slow gastric emptying
  • satiety
34
Q

Gastric inhibitory peptide(GIP) signals…

A
  • the stomach ti slow gastric emptying

- the pancreas to increase insulin release

35
Q

Large intestine/ colon

A
  • undigested/ unabsorbed matter passes through ileocecal valve to the large intestine
    • water, undigested/ unabsorbed residues - fibers, sloughed cells, bacteria, non-food items
36
Q

Bacteria in the large intestine/colon

A
  • 90 trillion bacterial cells
  • finish digestion and make
    • short chain fatty acids- used by colon cells
    • vitamin K
    • B12 that the bacteria use- not absorbed
    • gas
  • prebiotics: feed the bateria
  • probiotics: replace the bacteria
37
Q

Large intestine: muscle action and movement

A

Peristalsis

  • food may stay in LI FOR 12-24 hrs
38
Q

Absorption

A
  • absorption: passing of nutrients from thr GI tract into circulation
  • most absorption occurs in thr SI
    • stomach: some water, alcohol, fluoride
    • large intestine: water, short chain fatty acid, vit K
  • SI: heavily folded tissue called mucosal membrane
    • 500x increase surface area = increase absoption
    • within folds fingerlike projections called villi
    • villi contains absoprtive cells called enterocytes
    • each enterocytes contain microvilli (brush border)
39
Q

Passive/simple diffusion

A

Solutes travel from a high to a low concentration

40
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Carrier protein facilitates, high to low

41
Q

Active transport

A

Carrier protein and energy, solutes can travel from a low to a high concentration

42
Q

Endocytosis (pinocytosis)

A

Active transport by which a small amount of intestinal contents is engulfed by the cell membrane into the cell

43
Q

SI into circulation: nutrieny transport

A
  • nutrients travel to the blood or lymph for distribution to other cells
  • each villus contains capillaries (smallest blood vessel) and lacteal (lymph vessel)
  • nutrients cross over into these system
44
Q

Nutrient transport: Cardiovascular system

A
  • nutrients cross over into capillaries in villa —> hepatic portal vein —> to the liver for storage, utilization or back into curculation
  • water-soluble nutrients (protein, carb, some vits, small fatty acids)
45
Q

Nutrient transport: lymphatic system

A
  • nutrients cross into lacteals in villi —> transported to larger lymph vessels —> drains into circulation by the heart —> the curculation and liver
  • larger fat soluble nutrients
46
Q

Metabolism

A
  • the sum of all chemical processes involved in maintaining life
47
Q

Anabolism

A

Build up molecules and use energy

48
Q

Catabolism

A

Break down molecules and release energy

Nutitional Science (11 decks)

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