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254 - anatomy > lecture 7/8: the digestive system > Flashcards

lecture 7/8: the digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the basic functions of the digestive system

A
  • Ingestion
  • Secretion
  • Mixing and propulsion
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
  • Defecation
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2
Q

what are the 4 layers f=if the GI tract

A

Mucosa
• Submucosa
• Muscularis
• Serosa

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3
Q

arrange these from innermost to outmost: muscularis, serosa, mucosa, submucosa

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa

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4
Q

which layer of the GI tract allows movement

A

serosa

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5
Q

which anchors organs: serosa or adventia

A

adventia

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6
Q

what is the only organ that has 3 muscularis layers

A

stomach

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7
Q

what are the 3 layers of the mucosa of the GI tract

A

1) lining epithelium
2) lamina propria
3) muscularis mucosa

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8
Q

what layer is in direct contact with the GI tract

A

lining of the epithelium

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9
Q

epithelium in the mouth, pharynx, esophagus and anal canal serves what function

A

protective function (against highly acidic food)

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10
Q

what is the function of the lining epithelium in the stomach and intestines

A

secretion and absorption

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11
Q

every 5-7 days, what happens to epithelial cells

A

they are replaced by new ones

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12
Q

within the absorptive epithelial cells, what are the 2 subsets of cells

A

exo and endocrine

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13
Q

what is the function of the exocrine cells in the epithelium of GI tract

A

Exocrine cells which secrete mucous and fluid into the
lumen
Ÿ

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14
Q

what is the function of endocrine cells in the epithelial cells of the GI tract

A

Endocrine cells which secrete hormones into the

bloodstream

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15
Q

what is the function of lamina propria

A

Supports epithelium and binds it to the muscularis

mucosa

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16
Q

what does lamina propria contain that serves a protective function

A

mucosa-associated lymph tissue (MALT)

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17
Q

what is the function of muscularis mucosa

A

Increases the surface area for digestion and absorption

  • Movement of muscle ensures that all absorptive cells
    are fully exposed to the contents of the GI tract
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18
Q

the subcosa of the GI tract contains what plexus

A

Meissner plexus

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19
Q

what is the meissners plexus

A

a portion of the enteric nerve plexus (the brain of the gut)

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20
Q

what does the Meissner plexus contain (neurons) and what is the function

A
  • Contains sensory and motor enteric neurons and
    parasympathetic and sympathetic postganglionic
    fibers that innervate the mucosa and submucosa
  • Important in controlling secretions of the GI tract
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21
Q

the Meissner’s plexus is only located in what layer of the GI

A

submucosa

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22
Q

what areas contain skeletal muscle that produce voluntary swallowing

A

mouth

pahrynx and superior and meiddle parts of the esophagus

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23
Q

skeletal muscles of the GI permit voluntary control of swallowing and what else

A

control of defecation

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24
Q

throughout the GI tract, is it skeletal or smooth muscle

A

smooth

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25
Q

what are the 2 layers of muscular smooth in the muscularis muscle

A

outer longitudinal and inner circular

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26
Q

which is more outer in the muscularis of the Gi tract, longitudinal or circular

A

longitudinal

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27
Q

what is the function of involuntary contractions of the muscularis in the GI

A

Involuntary contractions help break down food physically, mix
it with digestive secretions and propel it along the tract

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28
Q

where is the myenteric nerve plexus location (in what layer)

A

muscularis

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29
Q

what plexus is located in the muscular layer of the GI

A

myenteric nerve plexus

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30
Q

what are the fibers found in the myenteric nerve plexus and what do they control

A
  • Parasympathetic ganglia
  • Sympathetic postganglionic fibers
  • Controls primarily the frequency and strength of
    contraction of the muscularis
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31
Q

what is the most superficial layer of the GI tract

A

serosa

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32
Q

what is another name of the serosa of the GI tract

A

Also called the visceral peritoneum on structures inferior to the
diaphragm

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33
Q

what is the peritoneum

A

envelope that surrounds the digestive organs

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34
Q

what does parietal peritoneum line

A

lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity

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35
Q

what does the visceral peritoneum cover

A

some organs in the cavity and form their serosa

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36
Q

what is the peritoneal cavity

A

thin space in between the parietal and visceral peritoneum (contain serous fluid)

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37
Q

be able to understand diagrams of the peritoneum

A

.

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38
Q

where is the greater omentum located

A

on greater curvature of stomach

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39
Q

what is the greater omentum made of

A

visceral peritoneum and fat

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40
Q

what is the largest peritoneal fold

A

greater omentum

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41
Q

where does the greater omentum hang

A

loosely over the transverse colon and coils over the SI

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42
Q

TRUE or false: the greater omentum is a double sheet that folds back onto itself

A

true

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43
Q

what does the falciform ligament attach

A

Attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm

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44
Q

true or false: the falciform ligament is an extension of visceral peritoneum

A

true

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45
Q

where is the falciform ligament located

A

anterior between right and left lobes

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46
Q

what does the lesser omentum suspend

A

suspends stomach and duodenum from liver

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47
Q

where is the lesser omentum located

A

on lesser curve of stomach

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48
Q

what does the lesser omentum arise as

A

arises as 2 folds in the serosa of the stomach and duodenum

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49
Q

what does the mesentery do

A

binds the SI to the posterior abdominal wall

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50
Q

what peritoneal folds are continuous with each other

A

mesentery and mesocolon

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51
Q

what is the mesocolon

A

fold of the peritoneum which binds the large Intestine to the posterior abdominal wall

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52
Q

what are 2 specific regions of the mesocolon

A

sigmoid and transverse

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53
Q

how are the Lips (labia) are attached to their corresponding gums

A

by a fold

of mucous membrane called the labial frenulum

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54
Q

what is the hard palate formed by

A

maxilla and palatine bones

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55
Q

what is the soft palate

A

Muscular separation between oropharynx and nasopharynx

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56
Q

what is the uvula

A

• Uvula – muscular process hanging from the free border of the soft
palate

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57
Q

explain the movement of the soft palate and uvula during swallowing and what does that prevent

A

During swallowing, the soft palate and uvula are drawn superiorly
closing off the nasopharynx, preventing food and liquid from entering
the nasal cavity

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58
Q

where are the palatine tonsils location

A

stem between the arches in the oropharynx

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59
Q

where are the lingual tonsils location

A

at the base of the tongue

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60
Q

what are the fauces

A

opening between the oral cavity and the pharynx (throat)

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61
Q

without food, how much saliva do the salivary glands produce

A

Secrete just enough saliva to keep the mucous membrane of the mouth and
pharynx moist and to cleanse the mouth and teeth

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62
Q

when food enters the mouth, what happens to secretion

A

secretion increases and chemical breakdown of food begins

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63
Q

what are some small salivary glands

A

Labial, buccal, and palatal glands in the lips, cheeks and palate as well as
lingual glands in tongue

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64
Q

where are parotid glands located and what is their function

A
  • Located inferior and anterior to the ears, between the skin and masseter muscle
  • Secrete saliva into the oral cavity via the parotid (Stensen’s) duct
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65
Q

where does the facial nerve pass-through

A

parotid gland

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66
Q

where are the submandibular glands found

A

Found beneath the base of the tongue in the posterior part of the floor of the
mouth

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67
Q

Where do the submandibular ducts enter

A

the oral cavity lateral to the lingual frenulum

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68
Q

are the sublingual glands superior or inferior to submandibular glands

A

superior

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69
Q

what are the ducts of the sublingual glands and where do they open

A

Lesser sublingual (Rivinus’) ducts open into the floor of the mouth

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70
Q

true or false: the salivary glands receive both para and sympathetic innervation

A

true

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71
Q

what do sympathetic fibers of the salivary glands do

A

Sympathetic fibers initiate vasoconstriction which decreases saliva
production

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72
Q

what type of stimulation dominates the salivary glands during stress and what does that cause

A

sympathetic

causes dry mouth, stops secrete of saliva to connserve h20

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73
Q

what do parasympathetic fibers of salivary glands do

A

Parasympathetic fibers of the glands produce vasodilation and increases the production of saliva

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74
Q

what is saliva mostly made by

A

water

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75
Q

what are the solutes in saliva

A

Solutes include mucous, lysozyme (a bacteriolytic enzyme), digestive enzymes
(salivary amylase and lingual lipase) and traces of salt, protein and other
organic compounds

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76
Q

what is salivary amylase

A

causes breakdown of carbs in the mouth but do not get activated until stomach

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77
Q

explain lingual lipase

A

Receptors for taste buds in the tongue are stimulated by
chemicals in food and convey impulses to two salivary nuclei
(sup. and inf.) in the brain stem resulting in an increase in saliva
secretion

• Smell, sight, sound, and/or thought of food may also stimulate
secretion of saliva

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78
Q

true or false: the tongue is a primary digestive organ

A

false, accessory

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79
Q

what is the tongue and what is is attached to

A

Composed of skeletal muscle covered by a mucous membrane

• Attached to the hyoid bone, styloid process and mandible

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80
Q

what are the extrinsic muscles fo the tongue and what do they do

A

hyoglossus, genioglossus and
styloglossus

• Move the tongue form side to side and in & out to maneuver food

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81
Q

explain the or/ins or intrinsic muscles of tongue and their function

A

Intrinsic muscles originate and insert into the connective
tissue within the tongue and alter its shape and size for speech
and swallowing

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82
Q

how is the tongue atached to the mandible

A

lingual frenulum

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83
Q

what is ankyloglossia

A

condition where a person’s lingual frenulum is

abnormally short or rigid impairing eating and speech

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84
Q

what are the dorsum and lateral surfaces of the tongue covered with

A

papillae

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85
Q

what are the 4 types of papillar

A
  • Fungiform Papillae
  • Filliform papilla
  • Circumvallate
  • folliate papilla
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86
Q

do the foliate papilla contain taste buds

A

yes

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87
Q

which papilla does not contain taste buds

A

filliform

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88
Q

where does the pharynx enter from and to

A

The pharynx extends from the internal nares to the esophagus

and larynx

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89
Q

true or false: Oropharynx and laryngopharynx have digestive and respiratory
functions

A

true

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90
Q

what does the muscular content of the oropharynx and laryngopharynx help with

A

help

propel the food into the esophagus and then into the stomach

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91
Q

what is deglutition

A

is the mechanism that moves food from the mouth

to the stomach = swallowing

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92
Q

what is the esophagus

A

muscular tube that lies posterior to the trachea

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93
Q

does the esophagus lie anterior or posterior to trachea

A

posterior

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94
Q

does the esophagus stop at the diaphragm?

A

no it passes through the diaphragm at the esophageal hiatus

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95
Q

what is it called when a portion of the stomach protrudes through the esophageal

A

hiatal hernia

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96
Q

what are the 4 layers of the esophagus

A

adventia
muscularis
submusoa
mucosa

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97
Q

what is the difference between adventia and serosa in the esophagus.

A

Unlike the serosa, the connective tissue merges with the
connective tissue of surrounding structures of the
mediastinum attaching the esophagus to them

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98
Q

the superior 1/3 of the esophagus is made of what type of muscle

A

skeletal

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99
Q

the middle 1/3 of esophagus is made from what muscle

A

skeletal and smooth muscle

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100
Q

the inferior 1/3 of esophagus is made from

A

smooth muscle

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101
Q

what does the submucosa of the esophagus cotnain

A

Contains areolar connective tissue, blood vessels and

mucous glands

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102
Q

the mucosa of the esophagus is near wher

A

near the stomach ,contain muucous gland

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103
Q

what is the function of mucosa of the esophaugus

A

Offers protection against abrasion and wear & tear from
food particles that are chewed, mixed with secretions and
swallowed

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104
Q

what is the function of the esophahus

A

Secretes mucous and transports food into the

stomach

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105
Q

what does the upper esophageal sphinctor control

A

passage of food from laryngopharyngeal

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106
Q

what does the elevation of the larunx cause the upper esophanial sprincter todo

A

to relax and the bolus enters the esophagus

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107
Q

during exhalation, what is happening to the upper esophageal spnincter

A

it is relatxed

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108
Q

how is food pushed fhrough esophagus

A

peristatlsis

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109
Q

explain the profucess of moving food throug hesohagus

A

progression of involuntary contraction and relaxation of
the circular and longitudinal layers of the muscularis
• Controlled by the medulla oblongata
• Circular muscle contraction constricts the esophageal wall and
squeezes the bolus towards the stomach
• Longitudinal muscle fibers inferior to the bolus also contract
shortening the inferior section and pushing its wall outward so it
can receive the bolus
• Mucous secretes by esophageal glands lubricate the bolus and
reduces friction

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110
Q

what is another name for lower esophgeal spnincter

A

gastroesophageal/cardiac shincnter

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111
Q

what is the lwer esopheal spnincter

A

narrowing of the esophagus just superior to the diaphram

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112
Q

when does the loer esophageal relax

A

Relaxes during swallowing allowing the bolus to pass

into the stomach

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113
Q

what is the position of the stormach in relation to the diaphram

A

inferior

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114
Q

whatt connects the esophagus to the duodenum

A

the stomach

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115
Q

what is the 1st part of the SI

A

dudodeum

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116
Q

what forces the food intto thte dudoenum

A

stromach

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117
Q

does the stomach force large or small quantities into tthe duodenum

A

small

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118
Q

explain the position of the stomach during inhalation and exhalation

A

The diaphragm pushes it inferior with each inspiration and pulls it up with
each expiration

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119
Q

when the stomach is empty ,what is the side a

A

large sausagee

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120
Q

true or false: digestion of starch starts in the stomach

A

false, starts in mout hwith saliva

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121
Q

where dos the digestion of protein and triglycerides begin

A

stomach

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122
Q

what happens to the semi bolus in hte stomach

A

gets converted to a liquid and certain substances are absrobed

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123
Q

what is it called when the bolus becomes liquid

A

chyme

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124
Q

what surrounds the superior opening of the stomach

A

cardia

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125
Q

what is the fundus of the stomach

A

rounded portion superior and to the L. of the

cardia

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126
Q

is the fundus to the right or left of the cardia

A

to tthe left

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127
Q

in the body of tthe stomach inferior or superior to the fundus

A

inferior

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128
Q

the pylorus are thee regions that conenct to where

A

the duodenum

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129
Q

the pyloric antrum connects to where

A

the body of stomach

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130
Q

to pyloric canal leads to what

A

duodenum

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131
Q

what is the passageway from pyloris to duodenum called

A

pyloric sphincter

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132
Q

what is the pyloric sphincter made of

A

thickneing of the circular muscle

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133
Q

When the stomach is empty, the mucosa lies in large

folds called what

A

Rugae

134
Q

explain the lesser curvature

A

concave medial boder

135
Q

what is the gerater curvative

A

concave lateral border

136
Q

what is the artrerial supply to the stomach

A

Arterial supply: R / L gastric arteries ( form an
anastomoses along the lesser curvature) , R /L
gastroepiploic (form an anastomoses along the greater
curvature) and short gastric (supplies fundus)

137
Q

R/L gastric ateries from an anastomoses along what

A

lesser curvature

138
Q

R/L gastroepiploic form an anastomeses along where

A

greater curvature

139
Q

what does the short gastric a suppy

A

funfus

140
Q

what is the parasympathtic inenrvation of the stmach

A

vagus

141
Q

what is the sympathteic inenrvatiton of the stoamch

A

celiac ganglia

142
Q

the greater curvatture lies around what organ

A

against spleen

143
Q

the lesser curvature lies close to what organ

A

liver

144
Q

what region of the stomach is considered the “storage: region and why

A

fundus

less muscle and curning

145
Q

what are the 4 layers of the stomach (deep to superficial)

A

1) mucosa
2) submucosa
3) muscularis
4) serosa

146
Q

what is the deepest layer of the stomach

A

mucuosa

147
Q

what are the contents of the muscoa of stomach

A

lamina propria
muscularis mucosa
gastric glands

148
Q

gastric galnds are located in what layer of the stomach

A

mucosa

149
Q

where is the lamina located (what layer)

A

mucosa

150
Q

gastric glands are what kind of cells

A

exocrine, secrete their products into the stomach lumen

151
Q

what do the mucous neck cells secrete

A

mucous

because gastric juices are very acidic

152
Q

what do cheif cells in the stomach secrete

A

secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase

153
Q

what does gastric lipase inittiate

A

initiates breakdown of fat

154
Q

what do the parietal cells in the gastric glands of the stoamch produce

A

HC1 and intrinsic factor (needed for absorption of b12)

155
Q

what are the 3 exocrine cells found in the gastric galnds

A

mucous neck cells
cheif cells
parietal cells

156
Q

what forms the gastric juice

A

secretions from the exocrine cells of the gastric galnds

157
Q

give an example of the enteroendocrine cell i nthe mucosa layer of the stomach

A

g cell

158
Q

where are g cells located

A

pyloric antrum

159
Q

what does the g cell secrete

A

gastrin (hormone) into the blood stream 0

160
Q

what is the function of gastrin secrete by G cells

A

• Stimulates growth of gastric glands and secretion of
large amounts of gastric juice

• Also strengthens contraction of the lower esophageal sphincter, increases mobility of stomach and relaxes
pyloric and ileocecal sphincter

161
Q

what is submucosa of the stom

A

areolar connective tissue

162
Q

how many layers of muscles are there in the muscularis muscle of the stomach

A

3

163
Q

what are teh 3 layers of the staomch (outer to inner )

A

outer longitudinal
middle circualr
inner oblique

164
Q

where are the smooth muscles of the stomach mostly located

A

in the body

165
Q

true or false: in every organ, there are 3 layers of smooth muscle

A

false, only place there are 3 is in the stomach

166
Q

what is the innermost muscualr layer (smooth) of the stomach

A

oblique

167
Q

the serosa is the portion covering the stomach and is part of the BLANK

A

visceral peritoneum

168
Q

• At lesser curvature, visceral peritoneum extends superior to what organ

A

liver

169
Q

• At lesser curvature, visceral peritoneum extends superior to the liver - to form what

A

lesser omentum

170
Q

• At greater curvature, the visceral peritoneum continues inferiorly as what

A

as the greater

omentum and drapes over the intestines

171
Q

the food mixes with the gastric juice reducing it to a liquid called BLANK

A

chyme

172
Q

true or false: The pyloris remains partially closed and as food reaches it,

A

trtue

173
Q

each wave/contraction of the stoamch forces what

A

forces several ml of chyme into the duodeum

174
Q

digestion of proteins begins where

A

stomach

175
Q

digestion of proteins is done mainly by what enxyme

A

pepsin

176
Q

proteien chains of many amino acids can be broken down into what

A

peptides

177
Q

pepsin can help in digestion of what types of proteins

A

milk

178
Q

what is the function of gastric lipase

A

splots the short chain trsis (fats) found inmilk
=limited role in ttthe adult stomach
=rely more on pancreatic lipase

179
Q

true or false: Within 2-9 hours after eating a meal, the stomach usually has
emptied its contents into the duodenum

A

false, 2-4

180
Q

where does chyme pass after the stomach

A

into the duodenum of the small intenstine

181
Q

what does chemical digestion in the SI depend on

A

activity of the pancrease, liver and gall bladder

182
Q

the pancreas is considered what type of gland

A

retroperitoneal glands

183
Q

where is the head of the pancrease

A

Head: expanded portion of the organ which lies near the

duodenum

184
Q

where is the body of the pancreas

A

Body: superior and to the left of the head

185
Q

where is the tail of the pancreas

A

closer to the spleen, tapering of the body

186
Q

what part of the pancreas is closer to the spleen

A

tail

187
Q

pancreatic duct joints with what other duct

A

common bile duct

188
Q

where does the pancreatic duct empty

A

in the greater duodenal papilla

189
Q

where does the accessoru pancreatic duct empty

A

lesser duodonal papilla

190
Q

the common bile duct and pancreastic duct meet up and empty where

A

greater duodenal papilla

191
Q

what is the arterial supply of the pancreas

A

sup. and inf. pancreaticoduodenal aa, splenic artery, and superior
mesenteric aa.

192
Q

the inferior pancreaticoduondal branches off what artery

A

supeerior mesenteric a

193
Q

what is the innervation of the pancreas donee by

A

Celiac and superior mesenteric plexuses

194
Q

true or false: innervation is the main controller of pancreatic secretion

A

Innervation is presumed to influence enzyme formation but pancreatic secretion is largely controlled by the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) released by the small intestine.

195
Q

pancreas is made up of small clusters of what types of ceells

A

glandular epithelial cells

196
Q

what are 99% of the glandular epithelial cells in the pancreas called

A

acini

197
Q

the acini clusters in the pancease make up what portion of the pancreas

A

exocrine

198
Q

what do the acini cluster cells secrete in the pancrease

A

cells secrete a muxture of fluid and digestive enxymes called pancreatic juice

199
Q

what cells in the pancreas make the pancreastic juice

A

acini

200
Q

1% of the cluster glandular epithelial cells are what type

A

pancreastic islets

201
Q

the pancreatic islets form what part of the pancreas

A

endocrine portion

202
Q

what do pancreatic isletes secrete

A

secrete the following hormones: glucagon, insulin, somatostatin &
pancreatic polypeptide

203
Q

what is pancreatic juice made from

A

Consists of water, salts, sodium bicarbonate and several digestive
enzymes

204
Q

what gives the pancreatic juice a slighlty alkaline pH

A

sodium bicarbonate

205
Q

what buffers the acidic juice in the chyme

A

pancrease

206
Q

what stops the action of pepsin in the sotmach

A

pncrease

207
Q

true or false: the pancreas Creates proper pH level for action of digestive enzymes in the S.I.

A

true

208
Q

what is the Carbohydrate-digesting enzyme

A

• Pancreatic Amylase

209
Q

what are the • Protein-digesting enzymes

A

• Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Carboxypeptidase, Elastase

210
Q

what is the • Triglyceride-digesting enzyme

A

• Pancreatic lipase

211
Q

what are the• Nucleic-acid digesting enzymes

A

• Ribonuclease and Deoxyribonuclease

212
Q

what is the heaevieset gland in the body

A

liver

213
Q

what is the largest organ in the body

A

skin

214
Q

what is the 2nd larger organ in the body

A

liver

215
Q

what covres the liver

A

Almost completely covered by visceral peritoneum
and completely covered by a dense connective
tissue deep to the peritoneum

216
Q

what are the right and left lobes of the liver divided by

A

falciform lig

217
Q

what are the 4 lobes of the lvier

A

right
left
caudate
quadrate

218
Q

what are the functional cells of the liver

A

hepatocytes

219
Q

what is the function of hepatocytes

A

filttering

220
Q

how are hepatocyes arranged

A

Arranged in irregular, interconnected plates around a central vein

221
Q

what are the sinusoids of the liver

A

Sinusoids contain fixed phagocytes (stellate reticuloendothelial cells –
Kupffer􀀁s cells) which destroy worn-out leukocytes and RBC􀀁s, bacteria,
and other foreign matter from the G.I. tract venous blood

222
Q

what cells secrete bile in liver

A

hepatocytes

223
Q

explain the pathway of bile

A

enters bile canaliculi which empty into small bile ductules
• the ductules pass bile into bile ducts
• eventually merge into the R/L hepatic ducts
• R/L hepatic ducts unite to form the common hepatic duct
• Common hepatic duct joins the cystic duct and they form
the common bile duct

224
Q

where does bile first enter and where does that eempty

A

enters bile canaliculi which empty into the ductules

225
Q

the bile ductules pass bile where

A

into bile ducts

226
Q

bile ducts eventually merge into what

A

R/L hepattic ducts

227
Q

RL hepattic ducts unite to form what

A

common hepatic duct

228
Q

common hepattic duct joints the BLANK and they form the BLnk

A

• Common hepatic duct joins the cystic duct and they form

the common bile duct

229
Q

what does the falciform lig anchor

A

anchors to tliver tto tthe diaphragm

230
Q

where is the round lig of the liver located

A

Located in the free border of the falciform ligament

231
Q

what ligament isa remnant of the umbilical vein of the fetus

A

round lig

232
Q

where does the round lig extend from

A

Extends from the liver to the umbilicus

233
Q

what lig suspend the liver from the diaphragm

A

R/L coronary lig

234
Q

what is the blood supply for the liver

A

hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein

235
Q

branches from the hepatic artery and vein carry blood where

A

Branches from both the artery and vein carry blood into the sinusoids where O2, most nutrients and certain
toxins are taken by the hepatocytes

236
Q

what tis the pathwat of Products manufactured by the hepatocytes & nutrients
needed by other cells are secreted back into the blood

A

(drained into central vein - hepatic vein - IVC)

237
Q

what is the portal triad

A

hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct

238
Q

what is the parasymp innervattion of the liver

A

vagus

239
Q

what is the sympathetic innervation of the liver

A

celiac ganglia

240
Q

where is the gall bladder located

A

located in a depression on the posterior surface of the liver

241
Q

what is the most distal part of the gallbladder

A

fundus

242
Q

which part of the gallbladder hangs inferiorly from liver

A

fundus

243
Q

the portion where the body of the gallbladder narrows is called what

A

the neck

244
Q

what is the function of the gall bladder

A

store and concentrate bile until it is needed by

the S.I.

245
Q

what is the blood supply for the gall bladder

A

cycstic artery

246
Q

what is the innervation of the gall bladder

A

branches from the celiac plexus and Vagus

nerve

247
Q

does the gallbladder produce bile ?

A

no just stores and concetrates it

248
Q

bile is mostly an ecretoru product but also partially a blank secretion

A

digestive

249
Q

what plays a role in emulsification

A

bile salts

250
Q

what happens to the greater duodenal pappila b/w meals

A

Between meals, the greater duodenal papilla closes off and bile
flows into the gall bladder for storage

251
Q

• After a meal, parasympathetic impulses along the vagus nerve
stimulate the liver wjat

A

to increase bile production

252
Q

Fatty acids and amino-acids in chyme stimulate duodenal

enteroendocrine cells to secrete what

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

in the blood

253
Q

what are the functions of Cholecystokinin (CCK)

in the blood

A

1) CCK causes the contraction of the gall bladder ,
squeezing stored bile into the cystic duct and through
the common bile duct

2) CCK also causes relaxation of the sphincter around the
greater duodenal papilla allowing bile to flow into the
duodenum

254
Q

where does the majority of digestion and absorption occurs

A

small intesntie

255
Q

what are the 3 regions fo the SI

A

duodenum
jejunum
illeum

256
Q

what are the permanent ridges in the small intenstine mucosa called

A

circular folds

257
Q

where do circular folds behing and end

A

Begin in the duodenum and end in the mid-portion of the ileum

258
Q

what is the fucntion of circular folds in the SI

A

Enhance absorption by increasing the S.A. and causing chyme

to spiral as it passes through the S.I.

259
Q

what is the arterial supply of the SI

A

superior mesenteric and gastroduodenal

260
Q

what is the innervation of teh SI

A

superior mesenteric plexus and vagus n.

261
Q

two autonomic plexuses are found within the wall of the SI, what are they

A

1) myenteric plexus

2) meissners plexus

262
Q

where is the myenteric plexus located

A

between muscle layers in the SI

263
Q

where is the meissners plexus locatied

A

in submucosal layer of the IS

264
Q

tthe myetneric and meissners plexus are associated with waht system

A

CNS (enteric)

265
Q

the epithelium of tje mucosa of the SI is made up of what 4 cells

A

Absorptive cells

  • Goblet cells
  • Enteroendocrine cells
  • Paneth cells
266
Q

what is unqiue to the mucosa layer of the SI

A

contains villi

267
Q

what is the function of th villi in the SI wall

A

Greatly increase the S.A. of the epithelium available for absorption and
digestion

268
Q

each villi of the SI contrains a core called what

A

lamina propira

269
Q

within each villi there is what

A

Within each is an arteriole, a venule, a blood capillary and a central
lacteal (lymph capillary)

270
Q

Nutrients absorbed by the epithelial cells lining the villi in the SI pass through what

A

the wall of the capillary or central lacteal to enter the blood or lymph

271
Q

what is teh function of the absorptive cells in the muscosa of SI

A

digeset and absorb

272
Q

what is teh function of the globlet cells in the muscosa of SI

A

secrette musouc

273
Q

what is teh function of the enteroendocrine cells in the muscosa of SI

A

secrete secretin , CCK or GIP (glucose dependanct insulinotrophic peptide)

274
Q

what do panaeth ceells secrete

A

Secrete the bacterial enzyme lysozyme and has some

phagocytotic functions

275
Q

the lamina propria of the mucusa of the SI has many BLANK for immune support

A

has many mucosa associated lymphoid

tissue (MALT):

276
Q

what are two MALT

A

Solitary lymphatic nodules (mostly in distal ileum)

• Peyer􀀁s patches (also found mostly in distal ileum)

277
Q

where are peyers patches located (what layers )

A

mucosa layer of SI

278
Q

where are brunners galnds located (what layer)

A

submucosa of duodenum

279
Q

what do brunners glands secrete

A

• Secrete an alkaline mucous which helps

neutralize gastric acid in chyme

280
Q

true or false: in the Si muscualris layer, we have oblique and circular smooth layers

A

false, longitinal and circular

281
Q

what is the most superficial layer os the SI

A

serosa.

282
Q

is intestinal juice alkaline or acidic

A

alkaline

283
Q

what does intesntinal juice aid with

A

Aids with the absorption of substances as they come in contact
with the villi

284
Q

Absorptive epithelial cells in the SI synthesize what

A

many digestive
enzymes (brush-border enzymes) and insert them into the
micovilli

285
Q

what are the 2 types of movements taht occur inn the SI

A

Segmentation

• Migrating motility complex (a form of peristalsis)

286
Q

segmentation mixes chyme with what

A

digestive juices

287
Q

segmentation brings food particles in contact with what

A

in contact with the mucosa for absorption

288
Q

explain segmentation in the SI

A

Starts with the contraction of circular muscle

  • Constricts intestine into segments
  • Segments divide again with the a second contraction of the muscle fibers lining each segment

• Finally, the muscles that initially contracted relax forming large segments
again

289
Q

does segmentation occur after most of the meal is absorbed

A

no segnmentation stops and peristalsis begins

290
Q

explain th migrating motility complex MMC

A

Begins in lower portion of stomach
• Pushes chyme forward into the S.I.
• The migrating motility complex (MMC) slowly migrates down the S.I.
• MMC reaches the end of the ileum in 90-120 minutes
Ø Then another MMC begins

291
Q

when does absorption in the SI occur

A

Occurs once food has been changed into forms that can pass
through the epithelial cells lining the mucous into blood and
lymphatic vessels

292
Q

most of the absorption (90%) occurs where

A

in SI

293
Q

if 90% of digetion occurs in SI, 10% comes from where else

A

stomach and large intenstive

294
Q

what is the terminal portion of the GI traction

A

the large intenstine

295
Q

the large intenstine is divided into what 4 mainn regions

A

cecum
colon
rectum
anal cnaal

296
Q

what is the function of the large intensine

A

Functions to complete absorption, produce certain vitamins,

form feces, and expulse feces from the body

297
Q

how is the large intestine attached to the posterior wall

A

by the mesocolon

298
Q

where does the cecum lie

A

hangs from th ileocecal sphincter

299
Q

the appendix is atatched to where

A

cecum

300
Q

true or false: all 3 portions of the LI are considered retroperitoneal

A

false, only 2 (ascneding, descnedinng)

301
Q

what is the right colic (hepatic) flexure

A

abrupt turn inferior to the liver

302
Q

what is the lft colic splenic flexure

A

abrupt turn inferior to the spleen

303
Q

what is the begininng and ending of the sigmoid colon

A

begins near L. iliac crest and ends at the level of

3rd sacral vertebrae

304
Q

the rectum lies anterior to what

A

anterior to sacrum and oxxygic

305
Q

what is the last part of the rectum called

A

anal canal

306
Q

what is the anus guarded by

A

Guarded by an internal sphincter of smooth muscle (involuntary) and an
external sphincter of skeletal muscle (voluntary)

307
Q

true or false: yhe anal sphincters are all voluntarility cotnrolled

A

false, Guarded by an internal sphincter of smooth muscle (involuntary) and an
external sphincter of skeletal muscle (voluntary)

308
Q

what is the arterial supply fo the LI

A

sup. / inf. mesenteric aa.,

sup. , middle, and inf., rectal aa.

309
Q

what is the sympathetic innnervation of the LI

A

from the celiac, superior and inferior

mesenteric ganglia

310
Q

what is the parasymptethic inenrvation of the LI

A

from the vagus and pelvic

splanchnic nerves

311
Q

true or false; there are no villi or circualr folds in the mucosa of the LI

A

ttrue

312
Q

what does the mucosa of the LI consist of

A

lamina propria and muscualris mucosa

313
Q

what are the cells in the mucosa of the LI

A 
Epithelium contains mostly absorptive cells (for water absorption) and
goblet cells (secrete mucous)
314
Q

the mucosa of the LI contrains what types of nodules

A

Contains solitary lymph nodules

315
Q

what are the muscularis layers of the LI

A

Consists of external longitudinal muscle layer and internal circular layer

316
Q

what happens when the lonngitudinal muscle of the LI wall are thickened

A

forms 3 bands called the taenia coli

317
Q

how is the taenia coli made

A

Some portions of the longitudinal muscle are thickened forming 3 bands
called the taenia coli

318
Q

what forms the haustra

A

Tonic contractions of the bands (Tania coil) form a series of pouches called haustrae

319
Q

Tonic contractions of the bands form a series of pouches called BLANK

A

haustrae

320
Q

serosa layer of the LI is part of what

A

visceral peitoneum

321
Q

Passage of chyme from the ileum into the cecum is controlled by WHAT

A

the ileocecal sphincter (slow process)

322
Q

As food accumulates in the cecum and ascending colon,

what begings

A

movement of the colon begins

323
Q

when does movement of the colon begin

A

As food accumulates in the cecum and ascending colon,

movement of the colon begins

324
Q

true or false: haustra remain relaxed until they fill up

A

true

325
Q

explain haustral churning

A

Ø Haustrae remain relaxed until they fill up

Ø After distension reaches a certain level, the wall contracts
and pushes the contents into the next haustrae

326
Q

does peristalsis in the LI occur at a slow or fast rate

A

slow rate

327
Q

explain mass peristalsis in the LI

A

Ø Strong peristaltic wave that begins in the middle of the transverse colon
and rapidly drives the contents into the rectum (3-4 times a day, during or
right after a meal)

328
Q

how does the final stage of digestion occur

A

through the activity of

bacteria in the lumen

329
Q

what are the 4 functions of the LI

A

Ø Prepares chyme for elimination

Ø Fermentation of remaining carbohydrates, release of H+, CO2, methane gases

Ø Remaining protein are converted into indole, skatole, hydrogen sulfide, and fatty acids

Ø Absorbed and transported into the liver, excreted in urine

330
Q

where are vit b and k absorbed

A

in the colon

331
Q

after 3-10 hours, what happens to the chyme in the LI and why

A

chyme has become solid/semi-solid as a result

of water absorption

332
Q

true or false: Large intestine also absorbs electrolytes like Sodium and Chloride and some vitamins

A

true

254 - anatomy (17 decks)

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