lecture 5 and 6 Flashcards
WHAT ARE common pathways for food and air
nose and pharinx
what is passages for air only
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
what are the 2 parts of the respiratory system
1) conduction portion
2) respiratory portion
what is the conducting portion of the respiratory system
Interconnecting cavities and tubes which filter, warm and
moisten the air and conducts it to the lungs
what structures are included in the conduction portion
Includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles and terminal bronchioles
true or false: there is no gas exchange in the conduction portion
true
there is gas exchange in the BLANK portion
respiratory portion
there is no gas exchange in the BLANK portion
conduction portion
the tissues within the lungs where gases are exchanges are part of the BLANK system
respiratory system
what are the structures found within the respiratory portion
Includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar sacs and alveoli (main
site of gas exchange between the air and the blood)
what is the main
site of gas exchange between the air and the blood)
alveoli
what bones make up the nose
frontal
maxillary
Nasal
the nose is made up of what
External supporting framework of bone and hyaline cartilage
what is the nose lined with
mucous membrane
what are the 3 cartilages of the nose
septal
nasal
alar
what completes the septum (besides vomen and perp plate)
the septal cartilage
what from the lateral cartilage plates of the nose
nasal
what gives roundness to the nostrils
alar
alar is split into minor and major?
true
what are the 3 functions of the internal functions of the nose
Warm, moisten and filter incoming air
* Detect olfactory stimuli
* Modify speech vibrations as they pass through resonating chambers
what is another name for internal nares
choanae
true or false: paranasal sinus gives resonance to voice
true
what are the paranasal sinuses
sphenoid
frontal
maxillary
ethmoid
what are the lateral walls of the nose (bones)
ethmoid, maxilla, lacrimal, palatine, inferior
nasal conchae
what is the floor fo the nose (bones)
Floor: maxilla and palatine
what is the nasal septum of the nose (bones)
• Nasal septum: vomer, ethmoid, palatine, and maxilla
sup middle and inf nasal conchae divides nose into what
3 meatuses
what does the arrangement of the conchae and meatuses do
Arrangement of conchae and meatuses increase the surface area
in the cavity and prevents dehydration by trapping droplets of
water during exhalation
where do olfactory receptor cells lie
Olfactory receptor cells lie in the membrane lining the superior
nasal conchae and the septum
the moucous membrane of the nose contrains what (2)
capillaries (warm air)
many goblet cells (highly vascular)
the blood in the capillaries of the nose do what to the air
warms the air
the goblet cells in the nose secrete what
mucous
what is the last common pathway for air and good
pharynx
where does the pharynx extend from
extends from internal nares to the level of the cricoid cartilage
(larynx)
where does the pharynx lie in the body
Lies posterior to the nasal/oral cavities and just anterior to the
cervical vertebrae
the pharynx is lined with a mucous membrane and what 2 layers
outer circular
2) inner lognitunida;
true or false: the pharynx provide a resonating chamber for speech sounds
true
what houses the tonsils
pharynx
what do tonsils do
participate in immune reactions against
foreign invaders
what does pharynx divide into (3 regions)
nasopharynx
• oropharynx
• laryngopharynx
nasopharynx extends to the…
soft palate
what are the 5 openings of the nasopharynx
2 internal nares
2 eustachian tubes
1 opening into oropharynx
air and dust enter nasopharynx from where
nasal cavity
the cilia found in the lining does what
moves the mucous down
true or false: no air is exchanges with the eustachian tube
false, small amounts
where dies the oropharynx extend from
Extends from the soft palate to the level of the hyoid bone
how many openings in oropharynx
1 into laryngopharynx
true or false; oropharynx has only respiratory functions
false, also digestive
what are the 2 tonsils of the oropharynx
palatine and lingual tonsils
where does the laryngopharynx begin
at the hyoid bone
where does the laryngopharynx open into
opens into esophagus for food
opens into laryx for air
what is the last common pathway for food and air
laryngopharynx
larynx connects two things
laryngopharynx to trachea
where does the larynx lie
anterior to c4-c6 vertebra
the larynx is composed of how many pieces of cartilage and what are they
Thyroid (1)
Cricoid (1)
Epiglottis (1)
Arythenoid (2)
Corniculate (2)
Cuneiform (2)
the thyroid cartilage does not connect posteriorly or anteriorly
posteriorly
what is the only cartilage that goes all the way around
cricoid
mucous found in the lining of larynx helps do what
trap dust that is not removed in the upper respiratory tract
where does the cilia of the larynx move dust
moves trapped dust to the pharynx
the mucous membrane of the larynx splits into what 2 folds
ventricular folds /false
vocal folds (true)
which fold is more inferior
vocal folds
what happens when air is directed against the vocal folds
they vibrate and send
sound waves in the column of air in the pharynx, nose
and mouth
a great pressure against vocal folds creates a louder or more quiet sound
louder
what is pitch controlled by
tension on the vocal chords
what 4 structures act as resonating chambers that give voice individual quality
The pharynx, mouth, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
the trachea is located anterior to what
the esophagus
where does the trachea extend to
extends from the larynx to the 5th thoracic vertebra
the trachea splits into what
R/L primary bronchi
true or false: the trachea Provides the same protection against dust as the membrane lining the nasal cavity and larynx
true
the trachea provides the same protection against dust as what
the membrane
lining the nasal cavity and larynx
what are the 4 layers of the trachea
Mucosa
Submucosa
Hyaline cartilage
Adventitia
list these in order from deep to superficial Adventitia, Mucosa, Submucosa, Hyaline cartilage
mucosa
submucosa
hyaline cartilage
adventitia
what is the difference between a serous layer and an adventitia layer?
adventitia = anchors to surrounding areas (ex: trachea is anchored)
serous layer = does not anchor/allows freedom of movement
the trachea is made up of 16-20 complete or incomplete hyaline cartilage rings
incomplete
where does the trachea divide into L and R primary bronchi
at the level of T5 (carina)
what is the carina?
One of the most sensitive areas of the larynx and trachea for
triggering a cough reflex
which bronchi is more vertical
right
which bronchi is shorter and wider
right one
true or fALSE; left bronchi is more vertical, shorter and wider than the left
false, right
does only the trachea contain incomplete rings of cartilage
no also bronchi
the carina is the internal ridge where the trachea divides into …
primary bronchi
how many secondary bronchi are there on the right side
3
how many secondary bronchi are there on the left side
2
how many tertiary bronchi are there
10 on each side
explain the division from trachea
prim bronchi
secondary bronchi
tertiary bronc
bronchiales (terminal broncs)
broncheal tree
alveoli
true or false: the lungs are separated by the head and other structures
yes
where are the lungs separated by the heart and other structures
in the mediastimum
the lungs are enclosed and protected by what
pleural membrane
true or false: each lobe of lungs has its own pleural membrane
true
what are the 2 divisions of pleural membrane in lungs
parietal
visceral pleura
the lungs extend from where to where
and where do they lie
Extend from the diaphragm to just above the
clavicle
* Lie against the ribs anteriorly and posteriorly
the base of the lungs sits on BLANK
the diaphragm
what is the costal surface?
surface against the ribs
what is the mediastinal surface
posterior and medial
against the heart
what surface contains the hilus
mediastinal surface
what is the entry point to the lungs called
hilus
what structures are found in the hilus
primary bronchia
pulm veins
pulm arteries
which lobe has 2 fissures
right lung
is the visceral pleura the outer or inner later
inner
which pleura extends past the lungs
pleural
why does the parietal pleura extend pass the lungs
to allow the lungs to expand
which lung is smaller and why
the left lung is 10% smaller than the right because the heart takes up space
why is the right lung thicker, broader and shorter
to accommodate the liver which lies inferior to it
what is the pleural cavity
Small space between the visceral and parietal pleura which
contains a small amount of lubricating fluid secreted
by the membranes:
what is the function of the pleural cavity
reduced friction between membranes
allows them to slide over one another
the pleural cavity extends where
Extends below the base of the lung- from 6th costal cartilage
to 12th rib
true or false: there are not separate cavities (plural cavity) for the right and left lungs
false, there are separate cavities
why can there be inflammation of the pleura (pleuritis)
may cause pain due to friction between layers and if inflammation persists – excess fluid accumulates in pleural space
true or false: the pleural cavity extends further than the lungs
true
each lung divides into different lobes by what
by fissures
true or false: only the right lung has an oblique fissure
false, both do
in the left lung, what does the oblique fissure separate
separates superior from inferior lobe
in the right lung, what does the oblique fissure separate
separates the superior form inferior/inferior from middle
what lung also has a horizontal fissure
right
what does the horizontal fissure separate
subdivides the superior lobe forming the middle lobe
each lobe receives its own BLANK
secondary bronchus
R. primary bronchus gives rise to BLANK
3 secondary bronchi
• L. primary bronchus gives rise to BLANK
2 secondary bronchi
the secondary bronchi subdivide into blank
tertiary bronchi
what does each tertiary bronchi supply
a segment of lung tissue called a bronchopulmonary segment
what does each bronchopulmonary segment contain
has small compartments called lubules
lobules are wrapped in what
elastic connective tissue
where does the respiratory system begin
lobules
what do lobules contain
Contains a lymphatic vessel, an arteriole, a venule, and a branch from a terminal bronchiole
what do terminal bronchioles subdivide into
microscopic branches called respiratory bronchioles
true or false: gas exchange begins in the tertiary bronchus
false, in the respiratory bronchioles
bronchioles subdivide into several BLANKS
alveolar ducts
from the trachea, the respiratory passages brach how many times
apprx 25
what is around the alveolar ducts
numerous alveri and alveoli sacs
what is an alveolar sac
2 or more alveoli that share a common opening
what are the 2 alveolar epithelial cells found in the walls of the alveoli
type 1 and 2 alveoli cells
what is the function of the type 1 alveoli cells
main site of gas exchange
what is the function of type 2 alveoli cells
secrete alveolar fluid, keep surface between cells and air moist
what is an alveolar macrophage
Wandering phagocytes that remove fine dust particles and other debris in
the alveolar spaces
how does exchange of o2 and co2 happen
occurs by diffusion across alveolar and capilary walls (thru respiraoty membeane)
what is the respiratory membrane
very thin membrane which allows rapid diffusion
when you hear surfactant, what cell do you think of
type 2 alveolar cell
when you hear gas exchange, what cell do you think of
type 1 alveolar cell
bronchial arteries (branch off thoracic aortic) deliver what type of blood and where
deliver oxygenated blood to the lungs
how does most of the blood return to the heart
via the pulm veins
true or false : ALL blood returns to the heart through pulm veins
false, some returns via the SVC (via branches of the azygos system)
what are the 3 basic steps of breathing
1) pulmonary ventilation
2) external (pulmonary) respiration
3) internal (tissue) respiration
what is pulm ventilation
inspiration and expiration
what is external/pulmonary respiration
exchange of gas b/w air and spaces in the lungs
what is internal/tissue respiration
exchange of gas between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells
what is the duration of inspiration
2 secs
what muscles are used for inspiration
diaphragm and external intercostals
what is the pressure just prior to inspiration
air pressure inside the lungs = atmospheric pressure
for air to flow into the lungs, what needs to happen to pressure
pressure in alveoli must become lower than atmospheric pressure
how is inspiration acheived
by increase volume of lungs
To expand the alveoli of the lungs, the principle inspiratory muscles must contract. What are they?
diaphragm and external intercostals
what is diaphragm innervated by
phrenic nerve
what is external intercostal innervated by
intercostal nerve
what is the most important muscle of inspiration
diaphragm
what is the diaphragm
dome-shaped skeletal muscle that forms the floor fo the thoracic cavity
contraction of the diaphragm causes the diaphragm to BLANK
flatten, increasing the
vertical diameter of the thoracic cavity (1-10 cm)
what are some reasons that complete descent of the diaphragm does not occur
pregnancy
obesity
tight clothing
true or false: contraction of diaphragm happens prior to contraction of external intercostals
false, happen at the same time
where do the external intercostals run
obliquely between the rubs
what does the external intercostals do for breathing
- Pull the ribs superiorly and push the sternum anterior
* Increases anteroposterior and lateral diameter of the cavity
As the overall size of the thoracic cavity increases, what happens to the walls of the
lungs and parietal and visceral pleura
are pulled outward as well
as volume increases in the lungs, what is established and what does that cause
pressure gradient and Air rushes into the lungs and inspiration takes place until the pressure difference no longer exists
what are the accessory muscles that help in deep inspiration
- Sternocleidomastoid (rises sternum)
- Scalenes (rise ribs 1 and 2)
- Pectoralis minor (rises ribs 3-5)
what does the sternocleidomastoid do
rises sternum
what do the scalenes do
rise ribs 1 and 2
what does the pectoralis minor do
rises ribs 3-5
when is expiration achieved
when pressure in lungs exceeds that of atmospheric pressure
what does expiration depend on (2)
- The recoil of the elastic fibres that were stretched during inspiration
- The inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid
when does expiration start
when inspiration muscles relax
what is the movement of ribs and diaphragm in expiration
ribs move inferior and diaphragm moves up
what are the muscles of expiration
abdominal muscles
internal intercostals
what do the abdominal muscles do
move ribs inferior and compress
abdominal viscera forcing the diaphragm up
what do the internal intercostals do
extend inferiorly and posteriorly
between the ribs, pulls ribs inferiorly
true or false: you need muscles for expiration
false, only need them for forced/prolonged expiration
quiet breathing expiration is caused by what
passive recoil of the lungs
true or false: respiration can be controlled voluntary for short periods of time
true
how is respiration usually controlled
controlled by the nervous system to meet the body’s
demands without our conscious concern
what cause contraction and relaxation of the respiratory muscles
clusters of neurons located bilaterally in the medulla oblongata
Respiratory center consists of groups of neurons functionally divided into what 3 areas:
Medullary rhythmicity area (medulla oblongata)
- Pneumotaxic area (pons)
- Apneustic area (pons)
the medullary rhythmicity area controls what
basic rhythm of respiration
What is the normal resting rate for breathing
inspiration (2 seconds)
expiration (3 seconds)
what is longer, inspiration or expiration
expiration
medullary rhymecity area consists of what neurons
Consists of inspiratory and expiratory neurons that
make up inspiratory and expiratory area
basic rhythm of breathing is determined by nerve impulses generated in what area
inspiratory area
explain basic breathing rhythm
Inactive at the beginning of expiration
Automatically activated 3 seconds after due to
impulses generated by autorhythmic neurons
Nerve impulses last ~2 seconds and reach the
diaphragm via the phrenic nerves
Diaphragm contracts and inspiration occurs
After 2 sec, inspiratory muscles relax for ~3 sec and cycle
repeats
during quiet breathing, neurons of the expiratory area remain BLNK
inactive
during forceful ventilation nerve impulses from the inspiratory area do what
activate the expiratory area
Causes contraction of internal intercostal and abdominal muscles
where is the pneumothorax area located
in the superior portion of the pons
what area helps coordinate the transition b/w inspiration and expiration
pneumothorax area
and also apneustic area
what is the major function of the pneumothorax area
major function is to help turn off inspiratory area before
lungs become too full of air
impulses from the pneumothorax area limit the duration of what
duration of inspiration and facilitate the onset of expiration
when pneumothorax activity increases, what happens to the breathing rate
more rapid
where is the apneustric area location
located in the inferior portion of the pons
what is the major function of the apneustric area
Sends stimulating impulses to the inspiratory area that
activate it and prolong inspiration, inhibiting expiration
the apneustic area occurs when the pneumothorax area is inactive or active
inactive
Rhythm can be modified in response to input from other regions of the brain and receptors in the PNS:
what are the 3 influences
- Cortical influence
- Chemical influence
- The inflation reflex
why can we alternate our pattern of breathing voluntarily
because of the cerebral cortex has connections with respiratory centers
explain how the cortical influence of respiration can be protective
preventing water or irritating gases from entering the lungs
what is the cortical influence of respiration controlled by
by build up of CO2 and h+ in the blood
Besides the cortex! what other places are there nerve impulses that stimulate respiration control allowing emotional stimuli to alter
respiration (cortical control)
hypothalamus and limbic system
Nerve impulses from the hypothalamus and limbic system also
stimulate BLANK and what does that allow
respiration control/allowing emotional stimuli to alter
respiration
explain chemical regulation of respiration
certain chemical stimulus modulate how quickly and deeply we breathe
what do chemoreceptors monitor
blood levels of co2 and o2 and provide input to the respiratory center
where are central chemoreceptors located and what do they respond to
- Located in medulla oblongata
- Respond to changes in H+ and CO2 concentration
in CSF
where are peripheral chemoreceptors located
Located in walls of systemic arteries, relay impulses
to respiratory center
what are peripheral chemoreceptors sensory to changes to
Sensitive to changes in CO2 in the blood
where are peripheral chemorecprots found
Found in the aortic body and carotid body
the sensory fibers of the peripheral chemoreceptors joint what
Sensory fibers join CN X (vagus)
the inflation reflex is controlled by what
baroreceptors
where are baroreceptors located
Located in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles
what are baroreceptors
stretch sensory receptors
explain baroreceptors
Become stretched during over-inflation of the lungs and send nerve
impulses along the vagus nerve (CN X) to inspiration and apneustic areas
- Expiration begins and stretch receptors are no
longer stimulated
what is the effect of exercise on the respiratory system
- Increased rate of blood flow through the lungs
- Increased pick-up of O2
- Rate at which O2 diffuses from the alveolar air to the blood is increased
- Blood flows through a greater percentage of pulmonary capillaries providing a greater S.A. for diffusion of O2 into
the blood - O2 consumption, CO2 production and ventilation increases
dramatically
