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254 - anatomy > lecture 5 and 6 > Flashcards

lecture 5 and 6 Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT ARE common pathways for food and air

A

nose and pharinx

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2
Q

what is passages for air only

A

larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs

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3
Q

what are the 2 parts of the respiratory system

A

1) conduction portion

2) respiratory portion

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4
Q

what is the conducting portion of the respiratory system

A

Interconnecting cavities and tubes which filter, warm and

moisten the air and conducts it to the lungs

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5
Q

what structures are included in the conduction portion

A

Includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi,

bronchioles and terminal bronchioles

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6
Q

true or false: there is no gas exchange in the conduction portion

A

true

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7
Q

there is gas exchange in the BLANK portion

A

respiratory portion

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8
Q

there is no gas exchange in the BLANK portion

A

conduction portion

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9
Q

the tissues within the lungs where gases are exchanges are part of the BLANK system

A

respiratory system

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10
Q

what are the structures found within the respiratory portion

A

Includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar sacs and alveoli (main
site of gas exchange between the air and the blood)

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11
Q

what is the main

site of gas exchange between the air and the blood)

A

alveoli

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12
Q

what bones make up the nose

A

frontal
maxillary
Nasal

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13
Q

the nose is made up of what

A

External supporting framework of bone and hyaline cartilage

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14
Q

what is the nose lined with

A

mucous membrane

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15
Q

what are the 3 cartilages of the nose

A

septal
nasal
alar

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16
Q

what completes the septum (besides vomen and perp plate)

A

the septal cartilage

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17
Q

what from the lateral cartilage plates of the nose

A

nasal

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18
Q

what gives roundness to the nostrils

A

alar

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19
Q

alar is split into minor and major?

A

true

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20
Q

what are the 3 functions of the internal functions of the nose

A

Warm, moisten and filter incoming air
* Detect olfactory stimuli
* Modify speech vibrations as they pass through resonating chambers

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21
Q

what is another name for internal nares

A

choanae

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22
Q

true or false: paranasal sinus gives resonance to voice

A

true

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23
Q

what are the paranasal sinuses

A

sphenoid
frontal
maxillary
ethmoid

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24
Q

what are the lateral walls of the nose (bones)

A

ethmoid, maxilla, lacrimal, palatine, inferior
nasal conchae

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25
Q

what is the floor fo the nose (bones)

A

Floor: maxilla and palatine

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26
Q

what is the nasal septum of the nose (bones)

A

• Nasal septum: vomer, ethmoid, palatine, and maxilla

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27
Q

sup middle and inf nasal conchae divides nose into what

A

3 meatuses

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28
Q

what does the arrangement of the conchae and meatuses do

A

Arrangement of conchae and meatuses increase the surface area
in the cavity and prevents dehydration by trapping droplets of
water during exhalation

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29
Q

where do olfactory receptor cells lie

A

Olfactory receptor cells lie in the membrane lining the superior
nasal conchae and the septum

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30
Q

the moucous membrane of the nose contrains what (2)

A

capillaries (warm air)

many goblet cells (highly vascular)

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31
Q

the blood in the capillaries of the nose do what to the air

A

warms the air

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32
Q

the goblet cells in the nose secrete what

A

mucous

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33
Q

what is the last common pathway for air and good

A

pharynx

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34
Q

where does the pharynx extend from

A

extends from internal nares to the level of the cricoid cartilage
(larynx)

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35
Q

where does the pharynx lie in the body

A

Lies posterior to the nasal/oral cavities and just anterior to the
cervical vertebrae

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36
Q

the pharynx is lined with a mucous membrane and what 2 layers

A

outer circular

2) inner lognitunida;

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37
Q

true or false: the pharynx provide a resonating chamber for speech sounds

A

true

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38
Q

what houses the tonsils

A

pharynx

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39
Q

what do tonsils do

A

participate in immune reactions against

foreign invaders

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40
Q

what does pharynx divide into (3 regions)

A

nasopharynx
• oropharynx
• laryngopharynx

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41
Q

nasopharynx extends to the…

A

soft palate

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42
Q

what are the 5 openings of the nasopharynx

A

2 internal nares
2 eustachian tubes
1 opening into oropharynx

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43
Q

air and dust enter nasopharynx from where

A

nasal cavity

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44
Q

the cilia found in the lining does what

A

moves the mucous down

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45
Q

true or false: no air is exchanges with the eustachian tube

A

false, small amounts

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46
Q

where dies the oropharynx extend from

A

Extends from the soft palate to the level of the hyoid bone

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47
Q

how many openings in oropharynx

A

1 into laryngopharynx

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48
Q

true or false; oropharynx has only respiratory functions

A

false, also digestive

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49
Q

what are the 2 tonsils of the oropharynx

A

palatine and lingual tonsils

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50
Q

where does the laryngopharynx begin

A

at the hyoid bone

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51
Q

where does the laryngopharynx open into

A

opens into esophagus for food

opens into laryx for air

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52
Q

what is the last common pathway for food and air

A

laryngopharynx

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53
Q

larynx connects two things

A

laryngopharynx to trachea

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54
Q

where does the larynx lie

A

anterior to c4-c6 vertebra

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55
Q

the larynx is composed of how many pieces of cartilage and what are they

A

Thyroid (1)
Cricoid (1)
Epiglottis (1)
Arythenoid (2)
Corniculate (2)
Cuneiform (2)

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56
Q

the thyroid cartilage does not connect posteriorly or anteriorly

A

posteriorly

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57
Q

what is the only cartilage that goes all the way around

A

cricoid

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58
Q

mucous found in the lining of larynx helps do what

A

trap dust that is not removed in the upper respiratory tract

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59
Q

where does the cilia of the larynx move dust

A

moves trapped dust to the pharynx

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60
Q

the mucous membrane of the larynx splits into what 2 folds

A

ventricular folds /false
vocal folds (true)

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61
Q

which fold is more inferior

A

vocal folds

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62
Q

what happens when air is directed against the vocal folds

A

they vibrate and send
sound waves in the column of air in the pharynx, nose
and mouth

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63
Q

a great pressure against vocal folds creates a louder or more quiet sound

A

louder

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64
Q

what is pitch controlled by

A

tension on the vocal chords

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65
Q

what 4 structures act as resonating chambers that give voice individual quality

A

The pharynx, mouth, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses

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66
Q

the trachea is located anterior to what

A

the esophagus

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67
Q

where does the trachea extend to

A

extends from the larynx to the 5th thoracic vertebra

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68
Q

the trachea splits into what

A

R/L primary bronchi

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69
Q

true or false: the trachea Provides the same protection against dust as the membrane lining the nasal cavity and larynx

A

true

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70
Q

the trachea provides the same protection against dust as what

A

the membrane

lining the nasal cavity and larynx

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71
Q

what are the 4 layers of the trachea

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Hyaline cartilage
Adventitia

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72
Q

list these in order from deep to superficial Adventitia, Mucosa, Submucosa, Hyaline cartilage

A

mucosa
submucosa
hyaline cartilage
adventitia

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73
Q

what is the difference between a serous layer and an adventitia layer?

A

adventitia = anchors to surrounding areas (ex: trachea is anchored)
serous layer = does not anchor/allows freedom of movement

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74
Q

the trachea is made up of 16-20 complete or incomplete hyaline cartilage rings

A

incomplete

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75
Q

where does the trachea divide into L and R primary bronchi

A

at the level of T5 (carina)

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76
Q

what is the carina?

A

One of the most sensitive areas of the larynx and trachea for
triggering a cough reflex

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77
Q

which bronchi is more vertical

A

right

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78
Q

which bronchi is shorter and wider

A

right one

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79
Q

true or fALSE; left bronchi is more vertical, shorter and wider than the left

A

false, right

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80
Q

does only the trachea contain incomplete rings of cartilage

A

no also bronchi

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81
Q

the carina is the internal ridge where the trachea divides into …

A

primary bronchi

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82
Q

how many secondary bronchi are there on the right side

A

3

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83
Q

how many secondary bronchi are there on the left side

A

2

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84
Q

how many tertiary bronchi are there

A

10 on each side

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85
Q

explain the division from trachea

A

prim bronchi
secondary bronchi
tertiary bronc
bronchiales (terminal broncs)
broncheal tree
alveoli

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86
Q

true or false: the lungs are separated by the head and other structures

A

yes

87
Q

where are the lungs separated by the heart and other structures

A

in the mediastimum

88
Q

the lungs are enclosed and protected by what

A

pleural membrane

89
Q

true or false: each lobe of lungs has its own pleural membrane

A

true

90
Q

what are the 2 divisions of pleural membrane in lungs

A

parietal

visceral pleura

91
Q

the lungs extend from where to where

and where do they lie

A

Extend from the diaphragm to just above the
clavicle
* Lie against the ribs anteriorly and posteriorly

92
Q

the base of the lungs sits on BLANK

A

the diaphragm

93
Q

what is the costal surface?

A

surface against the ribs

94
Q

what is the mediastinal surface

A

posterior and medial

against the heart

95
Q

what surface contains the hilus

A

mediastinal surface

96
Q

what is the entry point to the lungs called

A

hilus

97
Q

what structures are found in the hilus

A

primary bronchia
pulm veins
pulm arteries

98
Q

which lobe has 2 fissures

A

right lung

99
Q

is the visceral pleura the outer or inner later

A

inner

100
Q

which pleura extends past the lungs

A

pleural

101
Q

why does the parietal pleura extend pass the lungs

A

to allow the lungs to expand

102
Q

which lung is smaller and why

A

the left lung is 10% smaller than the right because the heart takes up space

103
Q

why is the right lung thicker, broader and shorter

A

to accommodate the liver which lies inferior to it

104
Q

what is the pleural cavity

A

Small space between the visceral and parietal pleura which
contains a small amount of lubricating fluid secreted
by the membranes:

105
Q

what is the function of the pleural cavity

A

reduced friction between membranes

allows them to slide over one another

106
Q

the pleural cavity extends where

A

Extends below the base of the lung- from 6th costal cartilage
to 12th rib

107
Q

true or false: there are not separate cavities (plural cavity) for the right and left lungs

A

false, there are separate cavities

108
Q

why can there be inflammation of the pleura (pleuritis)

A

may cause pain due to friction between layers and if inflammation persists – excess fluid accumulates in pleural space

109
Q

true or false: the pleural cavity extends further than the lungs

A

true

110
Q

each lung divides into different lobes by what

A

by fissures

111
Q

true or false: only the right lung has an oblique fissure

A

false, both do

112
Q

in the left lung, what does the oblique fissure separate

A

separates superior from inferior lobe

113
Q

in the right lung, what does the oblique fissure separate

A

separates the superior form inferior/inferior from middle

114
Q

what lung also has a horizontal fissure

A

right

115
Q

what does the horizontal fissure separate

A

subdivides the superior lobe forming the middle lobe

116
Q

each lobe receives its own BLANK

A

secondary bronchus

117
Q

R. primary bronchus gives rise to BLANK

A

3 secondary bronchi

118
Q

• L. primary bronchus gives rise to BLANK

A

2 secondary bronchi

119
Q

the secondary bronchi subdivide into blank

A

tertiary bronchi

120
Q

what does each tertiary bronchi supply

A

a segment of lung tissue called a bronchopulmonary segment

121
Q

what does each bronchopulmonary segment contain

A

has small compartments called lubules

122
Q

lobules are wrapped in what

A

elastic connective tissue

123
Q

where does the respiratory system begin

A

lobules

124
Q

what do lobules contain

A

Contains a lymphatic vessel, an arteriole, a venule, and a branch from a terminal bronchiole

125
Q

what do terminal bronchioles subdivide into

A

microscopic branches called respiratory bronchioles

126
Q

true or false: gas exchange begins in the tertiary bronchus

A

false, in the respiratory bronchioles

127
Q

bronchioles subdivide into several BLANKS

A

alveolar ducts

128
Q

from the trachea, the respiratory passages brach how many times

A

apprx 25

129
Q

what is around the alveolar ducts

A

numerous alveri and alveoli sacs

130
Q

what is an alveolar sac

A

2 or more alveoli that share a common opening

131
Q

what are the 2 alveolar epithelial cells found in the walls of the alveoli

A

type 1 and 2 alveoli cells

132
Q

what is the function of the type 1 alveoli cells

A

main site of gas exchange

133
Q

what is the function of type 2 alveoli cells

A

secrete alveolar fluid, keep surface between cells and air moist

134
Q

what is an alveolar macrophage

A

Wandering phagocytes that remove fine dust particles and other debris in
the alveolar spaces

135
Q

how does exchange of o2 and co2 happen

A

occurs by diffusion across alveolar and capilary walls (thru respiraoty membeane)

136
Q

what is the respiratory membrane

A

very thin membrane which allows rapid diffusion

137
Q

when you hear surfactant, what cell do you think of

A

type 2 alveolar cell

138
Q

when you hear gas exchange, what cell do you think of

A

type 1 alveolar cell

139
Q

bronchial arteries (branch off thoracic aortic) deliver what type of blood and where

A

deliver oxygenated blood to the lungs

140
Q

how does most of the blood return to the heart

A

via the pulm veins

141
Q

true or false : ALL blood returns to the heart through pulm veins

A

false, some returns via the SVC (via branches of the azygos system)

142
Q

what are the 3 basic steps of breathing

A

1) pulmonary ventilation
2) external (pulmonary) respiration
3) internal (tissue) respiration

143
Q

what is pulm ventilation

A

inspiration and expiration

144
Q

what is external/pulmonary respiration

A

exchange of gas b/w air and spaces in the lungs

145
Q

what is internal/tissue respiration

A

exchange of gas between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells

146
Q

what is the duration of inspiration

A

2 secs

147
Q

what muscles are used for inspiration

A

diaphragm and external intercostals

148
Q

what is the pressure just prior to inspiration

A

air pressure inside the lungs = atmospheric pressure

149
Q

for air to flow into the lungs, what needs to happen to pressure

A

pressure in alveoli must become lower than atmospheric pressure

150
Q

how is inspiration acheived

A

by increase volume of lungs

151
Q

To expand the alveoli of the lungs, the principle inspiratory muscles must contract. What are they?

A

diaphragm and external intercostals

152
Q

what is diaphragm innervated by

A

phrenic nerve

153
Q

what is external intercostal innervated by

A

intercostal nerve

154
Q

what is the most important muscle of inspiration

A

diaphragm

155
Q

what is the diaphragm

A

dome-shaped skeletal muscle that forms the floor fo the thoracic cavity

156
Q

contraction of the diaphragm causes the diaphragm to BLANK

A

flatten, increasing the

vertical diameter of the thoracic cavity (1-10 cm)

157
Q

what are some reasons that complete descent of the diaphragm does not occur

A

pregnancy
obesity
tight clothing

158
Q

true or false: contraction of diaphragm happens prior to contraction of external intercostals

A

false, happen at the same time

159
Q

where do the external intercostals run

A

obliquely between the rubs

160
Q

what does the external intercostals do for breathing

A
  • Pull the ribs superiorly and push the sternum anterior

* Increases anteroposterior and lateral diameter of the cavity

161
Q

As the overall size of the thoracic cavity increases, what happens to the walls of the
lungs and parietal and visceral pleura

A

are pulled outward as well

162
Q

as volume increases in the lungs, what is established and what does that cause

A

pressure gradient and Air rushes into the lungs and inspiration takes place until the pressure difference no longer exists

163
Q

what are the accessory muscles that help in deep inspiration

A
  • Sternocleidomastoid (rises sternum)
  • Scalenes (rise ribs 1 and 2)
  • Pectoralis minor (rises ribs 3-5)
164
Q

what does the sternocleidomastoid do

A

rises sternum

165
Q

what do the scalenes do

A

rise ribs 1 and 2

166
Q

what does the pectoralis minor do

A

rises ribs 3-5

167
Q

when is expiration achieved

A

when pressure in lungs exceeds that of atmospheric pressure

168
Q

what does expiration depend on (2)

A
  • The recoil of the elastic fibres that were stretched during inspiration
  • The inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid
169
Q

when does expiration start

A

when inspiration muscles relax

170
Q

what is the movement of ribs and diaphragm in expiration

A

ribs move inferior and diaphragm moves up

171
Q

what are the muscles of expiration

A

abdominal muscles

internal intercostals

172
Q

what do the abdominal muscles do

A

move ribs inferior and compress

abdominal viscera forcing the diaphragm up

173
Q

what do the internal intercostals do

A

extend inferiorly and posteriorly

between the ribs, pulls ribs inferiorly

174
Q

true or false: you need muscles for expiration

A

false, only need them for forced/prolonged expiration

175
Q

quiet breathing expiration is caused by what

A

passive recoil of the lungs

176
Q

true or false: respiration can be controlled voluntary for short periods of time

A

true

177
Q

how is respiration usually controlled

A

controlled by the nervous system to meet the body’s

demands without our conscious concern

178
Q

what cause contraction and relaxation of the respiratory muscles

A

clusters of neurons located bilaterally in the medulla oblongata

179
Q

Respiratory center consists of groups of neurons functionally divided into what 3 areas:

A

Medullary rhythmicity area (medulla oblongata)

  • Pneumotaxic area (pons)
  • Apneustic area (pons)
180
Q

the medullary rhythmicity area controls what

A

basic rhythm of respiration

181
Q

What is the normal resting rate for breathing

A

inspiration (2 seconds)

expiration (3 seconds)

182
Q

what is longer, inspiration or expiration

A

expiration

183
Q

medullary rhymecity area consists of what neurons

A

Consists of inspiratory and expiratory neurons that

make up inspiratory and expiratory area

184
Q

basic rhythm of breathing is determined by nerve impulses generated in what area

A

inspiratory area

185
Q

explain basic breathing rhythm

A

􀀁 Inactive at the beginning of expiration

􀀁 Automatically activated 3 seconds after due to
impulses generated by autorhythmic neurons

􀀁 Nerve impulses last ~2 seconds and reach the
diaphragm via the phrenic nerves

􀀁 Diaphragm contracts and inspiration occurs

After 2 sec, inspiratory muscles relax for ~3 sec and cycle
repeats

186
Q

during quiet breathing, neurons of the expiratory area remain BLNK

A

inactive

187
Q

during forceful ventilation nerve impulses from the inspiratory area do what

A

activate the expiratory area

Causes contraction of internal intercostal and abdominal muscles

188
Q

where is the pneumothorax area located

A

in the superior portion of the pons

189
Q

what area helps coordinate the transition b/w inspiration and expiration

A

pneumothorax area

and also apneustic area

190
Q

what is the major function of the pneumothorax area

A

major function is to help turn off inspiratory area before

lungs become too full of air

191
Q

impulses from the pneumothorax area limit the duration of what

A

duration of inspiration and facilitate the onset of expiration

192
Q

when pneumothorax activity increases, what happens to the breathing rate

A

more rapid

193
Q

where is the apneustric area location

A

located in the inferior portion of the pons

194
Q

what is the major function of the apneustric area

A

Sends stimulating impulses to the inspiratory area that

activate it and prolong inspiration, inhibiting expiration

195
Q

the apneustic area occurs when the pneumothorax area is inactive or active

A

inactive

196
Q

Rhythm can be modified in response to input from other regions of the brain and receptors in the PNS:
what are the 3 influences

A
  • Cortical influence
  • Chemical influence
  • The inflation reflex
197
Q

why can we alternate our pattern of breathing voluntarily

A

because of the cerebral cortex has connections with respiratory centers

198
Q

explain how the cortical influence of respiration can be protective

A

preventing water or irritating gases from entering the lungs

199
Q

what is the cortical influence of respiration controlled by

A

by build up of CO2 and h+ in the blood

200
Q

Besides the cortex! what other places are there nerve impulses that stimulate respiration control allowing emotional stimuli to alter
respiration (cortical control)

A

hypothalamus and limbic system

201
Q

Nerve impulses from the hypothalamus and limbic system also

stimulate BLANK and what does that allow

A

respiration control/allowing emotional stimuli to alter

respiration

202
Q

explain chemical regulation of respiration

A

certain chemical stimulus modulate how quickly and deeply we breathe

203
Q

what do chemoreceptors monitor

A

blood levels of co2 and o2 and provide input to the respiratory center

204
Q

where are central chemoreceptors located and what do they respond to

A
  • Located in medulla oblongata
  • Respond to changes in H+ and CO2 concentration
    in CSF
205
Q

where are peripheral chemoreceptors located

A

Located in walls of systemic arteries, relay impulses

to respiratory center

206
Q

what are peripheral chemoreceptors sensory to changes to

A

Sensitive to changes in CO2 in the blood

207
Q

where are peripheral chemorecprots found

A

Found in the aortic body and carotid body

208
Q

the sensory fibers of the peripheral chemoreceptors joint what

A

Sensory fibers join CN X (vagus)

209
Q

the inflation reflex is controlled by what

A

baroreceptors

210
Q

where are baroreceptors located

A

Located in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles

211
Q

what are baroreceptors

A

stretch sensory receptors

212
Q

explain baroreceptors

A

Become stretched during over-inflation of the lungs and send nerve
impulses along the vagus nerve (CN X) to inspiration and apneustic areas

  • Expiration begins and stretch receptors are no
    longer stimulated
213
Q

what is the effect of exercise on the respiratory system

A
  • Increased rate of blood flow through the lungs
  • Increased pick-up of O2
  • Rate at which O2 diffuses from the alveolar air to the blood is increased
  • Blood flows through a greater percentage of pulmonary capillaries providing a greater S.A. for diffusion of O2 into
    the blood
  • O2 consumption, CO2 production and ventilation increases
    dramatically

254 - anatomy (17 decks)

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