lecture 2 and 3: CV system (blood heart) Flashcards
what are the components of the CV
blood
heart
blood vessels
what does the CV transport
transports oxygen and nutrients and carbon dioxide and waste to and from cells
explain the transport of oxygen and nutrients in the CV system
blood to interstitial fluid to body cells
explain the transport of carbon dioxide and wastes in the CV system
body cells to interstitium to blood
what are the 3 general functions of the CV system?
transport
regulation
protection
what are the elements of transportation of the CV
oxygen
carbon dioxide
nutrients
heats
wastes
what does the CV system regulate
PH
body temp
the water content of the cells
what are the components of protection for the CV system
clotting
phagocytes
antibodies
what is the temperature of the body/blood
38
what is the pH of blood/body
7.35 - 7.45 (slightly alkaline)
what is the average blood vol in males
5-6 liters
what is the average blood vol in women
4-5 L
blood takes what percentage of body weight
8%
what are the 2 elements of blood?
whole blood =
plasma (55%) + formed elements (45%)
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
.
blood plasma makes up what percentage of whole blood
55%
BLOOD plasma is made up by water percentage of water
91.5 %
what are the two components of blood plasma
91.5% h20
8. 5% solutes
what are most of the solutes in blood plasma
mostly plasma proteins
where are plasma proteins synthesized
liver
what are the plasma proteins and the percentages
- Albumins: 54%
- Globulins: 38 (immunoglobulins-antibodies)
- Fibrinogen: 7%
what is the function of albumins
transport fatty acids
help keep h20 from diffusing out of the blood
when are globulins produced and what are they stimulated by
Produced during certain immune responses, stimulated by
foreign invaders (bacteria, viruses)
what is essential for blood clotting
fibrinogen
true or false; blood plasma is only made from albumins, globulins and fibrinogen
false
also includes Na, Cl, A-A, lipids, sugars, hormones,
vitamins, etc
formed elements make up what percentage of WBC
45%
what are the formed elements fo the blood
red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
what percentage of the formed elements are RBC
99%
what percentage of formed elements are WBC and platelets
1 percent
what is hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis)
formation of blood cells
what is another name for hemopoiesis
hematopoiesis
where does hemopoiesis occur
in red bone marrow
true or false: yellow bone marrow never makes blood cells
false, it can produce blood cells in emergencies only
what is hematocrit
% of total blood volume occupied by RBC
what is the normal range of hematocrit in females
38-46%
what is the normal range of hematocrit in males
40-54%
what is anemia
significant decrease in hematocrit
what is polycythemia
significant increase in hematocrit (increased viscosity)
what does polycythemia do to the blood
increase the viscosity (thicker blood)
what are some possible causes of polycythemia (3)
tissue hypoxia
dehydration
blood doping
what is another name for RBC
erythrocytes
RBC contained an oxygen-carrying protein called
hemoglobin
what gives blood its red colour
hemoglobin
what is the amount of RBC/uL of blood in males
5.4 mil
what is the amount of RBC/uL of blood in females
4.8 mil
mature RBC enter the system at a rate of what
greater than 2 million./sec
what is the shape of RBC
biconcave disk
do RBC contain a membrane>
yes a strong and flexibile plama membrane
what do RBC contain which act as antigens
glycolipids
glycolipids act as what in RBC
antigens
true or false: RBC lack a nucleus and other organelles
true
what are the 3 functions of RBC
1) highly specialized for o2 transport
2) helps in bp regulation
3) generate ATP anaerobically
true or false: RBC only transport oxygen and explain
false, they also carry 20% of CO2
each RBC contains how many hemoglobin
280 mil
what is hemoglobin made from
globin (protein)
heme
explain the components of hemoglobin
globin (protein): 4 chains of polypeptide
heme: 4 heme (o2 binds here to be transported to the cells)
= Oxydation of iron gives blood its red colour
where does o2 bind on RBC?
o2 binds to the 4 heme to be transported to the cells
what is the production of RBC called
erythropoiesis
where does the production of RBC begin
begins in bone marrow
once the RBC passes into the blood stream it matures within how many days
1-2 days
what is the life span of RBC
120 days
what happens in erythropoiesis if less than RBC destruction rate
hypoxia
what are the causes of hypoxia (3)
high altitude
anemia
circulatory problems
what are some causes of anemia
lack of iron
lack of certain amino acids
lack of b12
what are signs and symptoms of anemia
fatigue, intolerance to cold, pale skin
what does hypoxia stimulate
stimulates the kidneys to increase the release of erythropoietin
what is another name for WBC
leukocytes
what are crucial to the body’s defense against disease
leukocytes
which contains a nucleus RBC or WBC
WBC
do WBC contain hemoglobin?
no
what are the 2 types of white blood cells
granular
agranular
what are the 5 types of WBC
neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils
what is the percentage of WBC are neutrophils
60
what is the percentage of WBC are lymphocytes
20-45%
what is the percentage of WBC are monocytes
4-8%
what is the percentage of WBC are eosinophils
1-4%
what is the percentage of WBC are basophils
0.5%
what is another name for granular WBC
(phagocytes)
what are the 3 types of granular WBC
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
what is the function of neutrophils
consume/destroy bacteria
what is the function of eisonophils
role in ending allergic reactions/parasite infections
where are eosonophils
found along digestive tubes
what is the function of basophils
release histamine in later stages of inflammation
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils are granular WBC or agranular
granular
what are the 2 types of agranular WBC
lymphocytes and monocytes
what is the function of lymphocytes
role in immunity, react to specific foreign molecule
what is the function of monocytes
transform into macrophage, migrate from blood to tissues (chronic disease, viral infectionn)
what is the lifespan of WBC
can live for months/years but usually only a feww days
what is the lifespan of WBC during periods of infection n
live only a few hours
what is leukopenia
abnormal low levels of wbc
what is leukopenia caused by
radiation, shock, chemotherapy
what is leukocytosis
increase in number of WBC
what is the general function of WBC
to combat pathogens entering the body (by phagocytosis)
do WBC ever return to the bloodstream
no
it leaves the bloodstream and enters the area of
inflammation and does not return to the bloodstream
true or false: WBC numbers increase or decrease during inflammation/injury
increase
what is another name for platelets
thrombocytes
what is the number of platelets
150k to 400 k per uL of blood
true or false: platelets do not contain a nucleus
true
platelets form what after blood loss
platelet plug
true or false: platelets only form a platelet plug to stop blood lose
false, they also release chemicals which promote blood clotting
what is the lifespan of platelets?
5-9 days
how are platelets removed from the system
by fixed macrophage in the spleen and liver
true or false: platelets adhere to the lining of unhealthy vessels
true
what is the problem with platelets that adhere to unhealthy vessels
results in scarring, inflammation, atherosclerosis and unwanted clotting
at rest how much blood per minute to the lungs and body
5l blood/ min
how many litres of blood circulate per day
14k liters
the heart is the size of what
closed fist
where does the heart rest on
diaphragm
2/3 of the mass of the heart lies where
lies left of the midline
what are the general characteristics of the heart
apex
base
superior and inf R point
superior and inf L point
does the heart rest left or ride of the midline
to the left of the midline
what is the pericardium
double layered membrane that surrounds and protects the heart
what are the 2 layers of the pericardium
fibrous layer (outmost)
serous layer (innermost)
what layer of the pericardium is the inner most
serous layer
what layer of the pericardium is the outmost
fibrous layer
what is the function of the fibrous layer of the pericardium
prevents overstretching of the heart
what are the 2 layers of the serous layer of the pericardium
outer parietal
inner visceral
what is another name for the inner visceral layer
epicardium
be able to locate the parts of the pericardium
.
what are the 3 layers of the heart wall
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
put these in order from the outer to the inner most layer of the heart
(epicardium, endocardium, myocardium)
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
what is the epicardium?
visceral layer of the pericardium
myocardium is what part of the heart
the cardiac muscle tissue
what forms the inner smooth lining of the chambers
endocardium
what covers the valves of the heart
endocardium
true or false: the endocardium is discontinuous with the endothelial lining of the large blood cells
false, continuous
is the ventricular wall thicker on left or right
left
be able to put the layers of the heart in order
.
what separates the two ventricles
interventricular septum
what are the two upper chambers of the heart called
atria
what are the two lower chambers called
ventricles
what is another name for atrium
auricle
where does the right atrium receive blood from
inferior vena cava
superior vena cava
coronary sinus
what are the elements found in the right atrium
Right auricle
• Pectinate muscle
• Interatrial septum (Fossa ovalis)
• Tricuspid valve
be able to label the heart
.
what are the elements found in the right ventricle
Trabeculae carneae
Cordinae Tendinae
Papillary muscles
Interventricular septum
Pulmonary semilunar valve
be able to locate the elements of the right atrium and ventricle
.
where does the left atrium receive blood from
from pulmonary veins
what are the elements of the left atrium
Left Auricle
* Pectinate Muscle
* Bicuspid mitral valve
what are the elements of the left ventricle
Trabeculae Carneae
Cordinae Tendinae
Papillary muscles
Aortic semi-lunar valve
from what valve is oxygenated blood ejected into the systemic circulation
aortic semi luncar valve
the tricuspid valve is located where
b/w right atrium and ventricle
where is the pulmonary valve located
between the right ventricle and the pulmonary vein
where is the bicuspid (mitral) valve located
between left atrium and ventricle
where is the aortic semi lunar valve located
between left ventricle and aorta
what are the 2 atrioventricular valves
mitral/bicupsid and tricuspid
what are the 2 semilunar valves
pulmonary and aortic valves
when the AV valves are open where are the pointed ends projected
pointed ends project into ventricles
when the AV valves are open, blood moves where
into the ventricles
when the AV valves are open what happens to the papillary muscles
they are relaxed
when the AV valves are open what happens to the cordinae tendinae
they are slack
when the ventricles contract, the pressure does what to the AV valves
the pressure drives the cusps upward
when the ventricles contract what happens to the papillary muscles
the papillary muscles contract
when the ventricles contract what happens to the cordinae tendinae and what does that prevent
cordinae tendinae are tightened and prevent the cusps from opening into the atrium
be able to know the relationship between valves, papillary muscles, cordea tendinae
.
what do semilunar valves allow for
allow ejection of blood into vessels and prevent backflow into the ventricles
each semi lunar valve consists of how many cusps
3 cusps
where is the outer border of the semi lunar valves located
outer border is attached to the artery wall
when are the semi lunar valves open
when ventricular pressure exceeds arterial pressure
with each beat, blood is pumped into what circuits
1) pulmonary circulation
2) systemic circualtion
the entire body receives blood from the systemic circulation except for where
except for the lungs
since the lungs don’t receive blood from the systemic circulation, where dose it receive blood from
pulmonary circulation
coronary circulation is done by what
left and right coronary arteries
where do the coronary arteries originate
originate at the base of ascending aorta
what does the left coronary artery supply
supples both ventricles
supplies left atrium
what does the right coronary artery supply
supples both ventricles
most parts of the heart receive blood from the left or right coronary artery
from both arteries
what are the 5 coronary veins
coronary sinus
great cardiac vein
middle cardiac vein
small cardiac vein
anterior cardiac vein
deoxygenated blood enters what atrium
right atrium
coronary sinus is located posterior or anterior on the heart
posterior
where is the great cardiac vein located
between the 2 ventricles anteriorly
where is the middle cardiac located
at the apex posteriorly
what coronary veins are located posterior
coronary sinus and middle cardiac
where does the anterior cardiac drain
either into small cardiac or right atrium
what are the 3 phases of the cardiac cycle
relaxation period
ventricular filling
ventricular systole
systole is the phase of blank
contraction
diastole is the phase of
relaxation
when ventricles relax, all 4 chambers are in diastole or systole
diastole
in the relaxation period, blood flows where
back towards the ventricles closing the SL valves
in the relaxation period does pressure increase or decrease in the ventricles
decrease
in relaxation period are the AV valves open of closed
open
in the relaxation period, are the ventricles emptying or filling
begin filling
75% of ventricular filling occurs without what
wihtout atrial systole
BLANK percentage of ventricular filling occurs without atrial system
75
BLANK percent of ventricular happening occurs with contraction of the pectinate muscle
25%
25% percent of ventricular happening occurs BLANK
with contraction of the pectinate muscle
during ventricular filling are the AV valves open or closed
open
during ventricular filling the AV valves are open while the semi lunar valves are closed or open
closed
ventricular contraction pushes blood where
against AV valves (forcing them shut)
during ventricular systole does the pressure increase or decrease in the ventricles
pressure increases sharply
during ventricular systole, what happens when pressure exceed that in the arteries
both semi lunar valves open and blood is ejected into the pulmonary and systemic circulation
how long does ventricular systole last
lasts until the ventricles relax and the cycle starts over
in 1 heart cycle, how many sounds are generate
4
what are the 4 sounds of the heart cycle
s1=lubb
s2=dupp
s3
s4
what is the s1=lubb sound caused by
the closing of the AV valves
s1 indicates the beginning of what
ventricular systole
what is the s2=dupp sound caused by
closing of SL valves
s2 indicates the beginning or ending of the ventricular systole
the end
s3 sound is caused by what
rapid ventricular filling
s4 sound is caused by what
atrial systole
true or false: at birth there is the closure of foramen ovale
true and it becomes fossa ovalis
what two things close in the heart at infancy
closing of foramen ovale
closing of ductus arteriosus
after the closing of the foramen ovale at infancy what does it become
fossa ovalis
after the closing of the ductus arteriosus at infancy what does it become
becomes ligamentum arteriosum
