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Psychology Exam 1 > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

stimulus detection process where our sense organs respond to and translate stimuli into nerve impulses sent to the brain.

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2
Q

Perception

A

active process of organizing stimulus input and giving it meaning

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3
Q

Stimulus Detection

A

How intense does a stimulus need to be for us to recognize its presence?

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4
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

vision candle flame @ 30 miles on a clear night
hearing watch (clock) ticking @ 20 feet a quiet room
taste 1 tsp sugar in 2 gallons of H20
smell 1 drop of perfume in 6(3) room apt (Square foot?)
touch wing of fly on cheek dropped from 1 cm

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5
Q

Just Noticeable difference

A

The minimum change in a stimulus that can be detected

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6
Q

weber’s law

A

the difference threshold is directly proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus to which the comparison is being made.
e.g. Value for weight is 2-3%
If you want to know if you pick up the change in the strength of the stimulus, is that you have to know the strength of the original stimuli. It is proportional to what the original weight
Backpack example: put calculator in, already really heavy, won’t notice. If really light, and something added, will feel the difference

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7
Q

Fechner’s law

A

larger and larger increases in physical energy are required to produce equal increases in perception
e.g. Light bulb example: dark to light: really light, from 0 to 25à that’s light.
But 25-50à don’t think it is as light. Need bigger proportion

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8
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

various factors influence our sensory judgment; often involves a process of decisions in addition to sensation
→ home alone, watching a scary movie→ heightened to the sounds

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9
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

over time neurons decrease activity in response to a constant stimulus
→ commercials→ higher volume

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10
Q

Vision

A

The normal stimulus for vision is electromagnetic energy or light waves

Light waves are measured in nanometers

Our visual system is sensitive to wavelengths extending from ~700 nanometers (red) to ~ 400 nanometers (blue-violet)

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11
Q

Where do light waves enter the eye?

A

the cornea

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12
Q

The pupil

A

behind the cornea, the pupil adjusts to control the amount of light that enters the eye

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13
Q

The iris

A

The pupil’s size is controlled by muscles in the colored iris that surrounds the pupil

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14
Q

The Lens

A

behind the pupil
focuses images onto the retina, reversing the image from right to left and from top to bottom; the brain reconstructs it into the image we perceive

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15
Q

Retina

A

contains specialized sensory neurons

contains the rods and the cones

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16
Q

The Optic Disk

A

is a hole in the retina; it yields a blind spot which we don’t experience as a “hole” as each eye compensates for the blind spot on the other.

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17
Q

Rods

A

function best in dim light, primarily black/white brightness receptors, more sensitive to light than cones, no color sensation

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18
Q

Cones

A 
function best in bright light, serve as a color receptors
    -color blind: still have cones, might misfire or act in a different way
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19
Q

Rods and Cones translate light waves into..

A

Nerve impulses which pass through the retina

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20
Q

Optic Chiasm

A

where the optic nerves from each eye cross over and pass information to the opposite side of the brain

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21
Q

Hue

A

commonly what is meant by color

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22
Q

Saturation

A

the color’s purity, how diluted is it with black or white

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23
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A

three types of color receptors in the retina; individual cones are most sensitive to either red, blue or green. Couldn’t explain afterimages

24
Q

Color-Opponent System

A

each type of cone responds to two different wavelengths; red/green; blue/yellow; black/white

25
Q

1st color vision theory

A

The eye has three types of cones with each being sensitive to a different band of wavelengths (supports trichromatic)

26
Q

2nd color vision theory

A

Cells have been found which respond in opposite ways to red vs green and blue vs yellow (supports color-opponent process)

27
Q

Infant Vision

A

 Infants are born with a functional/intact visual system; visual accommodation is not well developed. They focus on high contrast images and show a preference for human faces

28
Q

Audition

A

stimuli for hearing are sound waves

29
Q

Frequency

A

the number of sound waves, cycles per second. Most common sounds are in lower frequencies

30
Q

Pitch

A

the quality of a tone from low to high, the number of times particles oscillate per second

31
Q

Amplitude

A

the height/depth of a wave; corresponds with loudness; the greater the amplitude the louder the sound

32
Q

Complexity/Timbre

A

the wave purity or mixture of sound

33
Q

the ear

A

Sound waves travel into an auditory canal leading to the ear drum; a moveable membrane which vibrates in response to sound waves This leads to the middle ear. When the eardrum vibrates it sets in motion the hammer, anvil and stirrups which amplify the sound waves

34
Q

The Cochlea

A

a fluid-filled tunnel has tiny hairs or cilia’s which are the sound receptors. They move in different directions, triggering the sensory neurons and an action potential

35
Q

Temporal Code/Frequency Theory

A

nerve impulses sent to the brain match the frequency of the sound waves

36
Q

Place Code/ Place Theory

A

different areas of the basilar membrane are sensitive to different frequencies

37
Q

Development of Hearing

A

Research indicates the fetus can hear 3 months prior to birth
 Newborns have been shown to recognize books and voices and respond differentially to familiar voices and music
 Changes in sensitivity to frequencies occurs as one ages. Older individuals are less sensitive to sounds at higher frequencies (mosquito ringtone)

38
Q

Olfactory Receptors

A

humans have 10 million

39
Q

The Upper Portion of the nasal passage

A

detects smells which travel straight to the base of the brain at the olfactory bulb

40
Q

Pheromones

A

chemical signals which are found in natural body scents in humans and other species

41
Q

Four Qualities of Taste

A

sweet, sour, salty and bitter

42
Q

Taste buds

A

Humans have about between 5,000-10,000 taste buds

Taste buds can regenerate—but lose over time

43
Q

Three Primary Sensations

A

pressure, temp, and pain

44
Q

Kinesthetics

A

the body’s way of giving feedback about our muscle and joint position; gives us a sense of coordinated movement

45
Q

Vestibular System

A

in the inner ear; helps with balance and maintaining our equilibrium in space

46
Q

Visual allusions

A

Most visual illusions occur because of perceptual constancies which usually help us perceive more accurately

47
Q

Perceptual Schemas/Template

A

mental representations or images for comparisons

48
Q

Form Perception

A

organization of sensations into meaningful shapes and patterns

49
Q

Gestalt Principles

A

perceptual constancy, size constancy

50
Q

Perceptual Constancy

A

objects appear to be relatively stable despite changes in the stimulation of sensory receptors

51
Q

Size Constancy

A

objects do not appear to change in size when viewed from different distances

52
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

failure to perceive objects that are not the focus of our attention

53
Q

Change Blindness

A

failure to perceive/detect changes in the details of a scene

54
Q

Retinal Disparity

A

objects project images to different locations on the right and left retina, which give a different view of the object. The closer an item gets the greater the disparity between the images on the eye

55
Q

Depth Perception

A

retina receives information in 2 dimensions, length and width and the brain translates into 3 dimensions. Uses binocular and monocular cues.

Psychology Exam 1 (7 decks)

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