Lecture 6 Flashcards
Hilgrad
Altered level of consciousness; dissociation
Spanos
Subjects interpret their behavior as caused by something other than self; voluntary actions, goal-directed social behaviors, not altered consciousness
Rituals surrounding hypnosis increase suggestibility and create expectations
Hypnotic subjects are those more likely to show
suggestibility and absorption
Psychoactive Drugs
a substance that affects perception, mood, thinking, memory or behavior by changing the body’s chemistry
Tolerance
the progressive decrease in a person’s responsiveness to a drug
Psychological Dependence
person must continue to take a drug to satisfy emotional cravings
Physical Dependence
person must continue to take to avoid withdrawal illness
Stimulants
speed up activity in the CNS
Amphetamines, MDMA, Nicotine, Cocaine
Opiates/Narcotics
mimic endorphins, increase pleasure and decrease pain
Opium, heroin, morphine, methadone, codeine
Depressants/Sedatives
slow down CNS activity, induce sleep, decrease activity
Alcohol, Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates, Inhalants
Hallucinogens/Psychedelics
alter perception, distort sensory experiences
LSD, mescaline, PCP, Ketamine
Marijuana
THC active ingredient; some hallucinogenic properties
Short term effects
Problems with learning and memory ex
Distorted perception
Loss of coordination
Increased Heart Rate
Feelings of euphoria and intensity of sensory perception
Affects appetite and pain perceptionHeavy Users:
Alters information processing in the Hippocampus
Respiratory Problems
Lower Achievement
Research is exploring how heavy and recreational use in adolescence interferes/alters brain development
Addictive Potential: can develop psychological dependence
Crack and Cocaine
Powerfully addictive central nervous system stimulant
Physical Effects
Constricted blood vessels
Dilated pupils
Increased heart rate, temperature and blood pressureFaster absorption: more intense the high
Tolerance develops
High Doses/Prolonged use can trigger paranoia
Depression associated with stoppage
LSD
Referred to as “Acid” Effects are Unpredictable and Dependent on Many Variable: amount taken, users personality, mood and expectation, surroundings Produce changes in perception Animals wont self administer No significant tolerance or dependence
MDMA/Ecstasy
psychoactive drug with both stimulant and hallucinogenic properties
MDMA research explores whether it is neurotoxic.
Some Brain Imaging studies have shown injury to the brain, affecting neurons that use serotonin
Muscle tension, teeth/jaw clenching, nausea,
Blurred vision, rapid eye movement
Temperature dysregulation: chills or sweating
Increased feeling of empathy and intensity
Risk for people with circulatory or heart disease
Ritalin
CNS stimulant medication often prescribed for ADHD; now sold as a street drug illegally
Has effects more potent than caffeine but less than amphetamines
Stimulant Effects
Appetite
Wakefulness
Increased focus/attentiveness
Mild euphoria
Alcohol
CNS Depressant:
Produces a mild euphoria, relaxation, anxiety reduction, reduced inhibitions
Can impair coordination, mental functioning, emotional fluctuations
Moderate risk of physical and psychological dependence
Long term risks: Liver disease, Brain damage, Heart disease, Birth defects
Expectancy theory of alcohol
the idea that alcohol effects can be produced by people’s expectations about how it will influence them in particular situations
alcohol myopia
alcohol hampers attention leading to simple responses to complex situations
Cigarettes
Nicotine: a stimulant
Stress and anxiety affect nicotine tolerance and dependence
Addiction results in withdrawal symptoms which seems to be a primary motivation for cotinued use
Withdrawal has led to impaired judgment, decrease in psychomotor and cognitive functioning
Health risks well documented
Benefits of Psychoactive Drugs
Simulants and Narcotics on label serve important functions
Medical Marijuana:
Research claims it reduces intraocular pressure/tx for glaucoma
Research claims it reduces headache/nausea and reduces tics for Tourette’s patients
Research claims that it also increases appetite, relieves pain and soothes anxiety for chemotherapy, chronic pain and other patients
