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Micro > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Shape and stain of B. pertussis

A

Coccobacilli
Capsulated
GramNeg

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2
Q

Is B. pertussis motile

A

No

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3
Q

Virulent strains of B. pertussis is associated with what

A

Hemolysis

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4
Q

Incubation period of B. pertussis

A

1-2 weeks

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5
Q

Catarrhal stage of B. pertussis

A

Low grade fever
Runny nose
Worsening cough

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6
Q

Paroxysmal stage of B. pertussis

A

Severe cough “Whooping”

Lymphotoxicity (body makes excess WBCs because this bug is associated with hemolysis)

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7
Q

Convalescent stage of B. pertussis

A

Less severe cough lasting ~45 days

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8
Q

B. Pertussis complications

A

Bronchopneumonia

Encephalitis

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9
Q

How does B. pertussis spread

A

Respiratory droplets

Highly contagious

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10
Q

What is most contagious stage of B. pertussis?

A

Catarrhal stage

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11
Q

Why is B. pertussis most dangerous in small children?

A

They have small airways

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12
Q

What are two main reasons B. pertussis is resurging

A

Most adults are not reimmunized

We’ve changed the vaccine from whole-cell to acellular vaccine (whole-cell had LPS and 1% had reaction)

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13
Q

What is the true way of gaining immunity to B. pertussis

A

Having the infection once

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14
Q

What are the six virulent factors of B. pertussis

A 
Filamentous hemagluttinin (Fha)
Pertussis toxin
Calmodulin-dependent adenyl cyclase
Dermnonecrotic toxin
Tracheal cytotoxin
LPS
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15
Q

Filamentous hemagluttinin (Fha) does what?

A

Allows B. pertussis to bind to ciliated epithelial cell

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16
Q

How does B. pertussis toxin work?

A

AB toxin similar to cholera toxin
B part binds to ciliated cells and phagocytes
A part ADP-ribosylates G-protein-inhibitory
Prevents inactivation of adenyl cyclase

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17
Q

What is the treatment for B. pertussis

A

Use erythromycin but it must be administered in the catarrhal stage

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18
Q

What is the unique signature of LPS in B. pertussis?

A

Contains Lipid A and lipid X

X is the unique signature

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19
Q

What is one way to help confer B. pertussis immunity to an infant?

A

Immunize the mother prior to delivery

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20
Q

Dermonecrotic factor from b. pertussis is secreted from the pathogen in which manner?

A

T3SS

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21
Q

What to virulent factors from b. pertussis lead to prolonged cough?

A

Dermonecrotic factor

Tracheal cytotoxin

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22
Q

What is mechanism of tracheal cytotoxin released from b. pertussis

A

(Is a soluble peptidoglycan)

Kills ciliated epithelial cells

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23
Q

What is mechanism of calmodulin-dependent adenyl cyclase virulent factor from b. pertussis?

A

Additional increase of cAMP

remember that the AB toxin prevents the inactivation of adenyl cyclase

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24
Q

What is the main symptom of pertussis in an adult?

A

Just a prolonged cough (1/5 of prolonged coughs due to b. pertussis).

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25
Q

Filamentous hemagluttinin from b. pertussis ultimately leads to what?

A

Phagocytosis in ciliated epithelium without activating macrophages

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26
Q

How do we diagnose b. pertussis?

A

Culture (this is a difficult method)
PCR (gold standard currently)
Antibody tests are not always effective

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27
Q

How does b. pertussis lead to ciliary stasis?

A

It has surface proteins pili and pertactin

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28
Q

What could be the benefit of administering antibiotics later in a pertussis infection?

A

It could help prevent the spread

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29
Q

Increased cAMP associated with b. pertussis leads to what?

A

cAMP increases fluid secretion into the lungs

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30
Q

When should antibiotics be administered for pertussis

A

If you’ve been exposed
If there is an outbreak
If you work with people that might be susceptible (old and young)
If you have infection in catarrhal stage

31
Q

Appearance and stain of H. influenzae

A

Coccobacillus

GramNeg

32
Q

What are the two forms of H. influenzae?

A

Typable (has a capsule)

Non-typable

33
Q

How does capsulated H. influenzae look on BHI agar?

A

Iridescent

34
Q

What does H. influenzae need to grow?

A

Factor V and X clotting factors (hemolysis is required for these)

35
Q

How many forms of capsules are associated with H. influenzae

A

Types A-F

36
Q

What is the most infectious capsule of H. influenzae

A

Type B

37
Q

Kids typically have what form of H. influenzae?

A

Typable

38
Q

What is the main concern for H. influenzae in children?

A
  1. Meningitis (often involves brain damage, hearing loss)

2. Otitis media

39
Q

What are the big three for acute otitis media?

A

H. influenzae
Strep pneumonaie
Moraxella catarrhalis

40
Q

Besides otitis media and meningitis, what are other conditions caused by H. influenzae in children?

A

Bacteremia
Pharyngitis
Bronchitis
Epiglottitis (spreads via tear duct-conjunctivitis)

41
Q

Adults most often have what type of H. influenzae?

A

Non-typable

42
Q

What are clinical conditions in adults caused by H. influenzae?

A

Pneumonia
Sinusitis
Epiglottitis

43
Q

What does H. influenzae spread?

A

Respiratory droplets (highly contagious, communal settings)

44
Q

Why has H. influenzae meningitis decreased?

A

We have a good vaccine for B-type (Hib)

45
Q

How does H. influenzae adhere to cells?

A

Pili and proteins

46
Q

What is the main virulence factor of H. influenzae?

A

Poly-ribosyribitol phosphate (PRP) capsule

Allows invasion of capillaries and CNS

47
Q

What are lesser virulence factors of H. influenzae?

A

IgA proteases
Lipooligosaccharides (LOS)
T-cell activation by soluple PG

48
Q

What is a lesser form of B. pertussis?

A

B. parapertussis (less severe than whooping cough)

49
Q

How do you make type B PRP (H. influenzae) vaccine effective?

A

In children > 15 months-conjugate to diphtheria toxoid

In children > 2 months-conjugate to other proteins

50
Q

Antiobiotics for haemophilus

A

Most resolves in less than 3 days
Amox for OM
Cephalosporins for OM (increased risk diarrhea)
Rifampin for meningitis

51
Q

Another common haemophilus bug and sypmtoms?

A 
H. Ducreyi
Ragged soft ulcer on genitals
STD
Requires factor V but not X
Treat with oral SxT or Macrolides
52
Q

Legionella pneumophila shape and stain

A

GramNeg

Rods with unique branched fatty acids

53
Q

What do you have to use to stain branched fatty acids of legionella pneumophila

A

Fuchsin stain

54
Q

What do legionella pneumophila need to grow?

A

Fe and cysteine

High humidity

55
Q

On what medium does legionella pneumophila grow slowly on?

A

Buffered charcoal yeast extract sugar

56
Q

What are the two clinical conditions caused by legionella pneumophila

A

Pontiac fever

Legionnaires’ Diease

57
Q

Characteristics of pontiac fever

A

Highly infectious

Mild flu-like illness that lasts a few days

58
Q

Legionnaires’ symptoms

A

Acute pneumonia with high fever

Consolidation and fibrin deposition in multiple foci, usually in lower lungs

59
Q

What are the risk factors for Legionnaires?

A

> 55 year old male
Smoker (or emphysema or lung CA)
Bronchitis
Immunosuppresent drugs

60
Q

What bug is most often implicated in community acquired pneumonia?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

61
Q

Where is legionella pneumophila found?

A

Fresh water and soil

Films form in standing water (water towers, shower heads, some city water)

62
Q

How can legionella pneumophila infect via other organisms?

A

Can parasitize amoeba and flagellated protozoa

63
Q

Transmission of legionella pneumophila?

A

From mechanized aerolized water droplets (water vapor from shower head)
Not transmissible person to person

64
Q

How do legionella pneumophila adhere?

A

Macrophage-specific adhesion pili

65
Q

What secretion system does legionella pneumophila use?

A

Type IV (Dot/Icm)

66
Q

What does legionella pneumophila secrete?

A

AnkX (type IV system) that interferes with m’ tubule based transport (no lysosome fusion to phagosome)

67
Q

How is legionella pneumophila taken up by macrophages?

A

Secretes AnkX to induce macrophage endocytosis
Macrophage wraps bacteria with pseudopod many times
Bacteria can release LPS from outer membrane

68
Q

How do you detect legionella pneumophila?

A

Urine antigen test

69
Q

How do you decontaminate source of legionella pneuomophila?

A

Bleach

Superheating

70
Q

What is treatment for legionella pneumophila?

A

Macrolides: erythromycin

Sometimes add quinolones

71
Q

What type of receptor recognizes lipteichoic acid (GramPos)

A

TLR2:TLR6 (also recognizes zymosan on yeast)

72
Q

What type of receptor recognizes LPS (GramNeg)?

A

TLR4:TLR4

MD2 and CD14 are also complexed here

73
Q

What type of receptor recognizes unmethylated CpG-rich DNA on bacteria and viruses? Location in the cell?

A

TLR9

Endosomes

Micro (13 decks)

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