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Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Shape and stain of B. pertussis

A

Coccobacilli
Capsulated
GramNeg

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2
Q

Is B. pertussis motile

A

No

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3
Q

Virulent strains of B. pertussis is associated with what

A

Hemolysis

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4
Q

Incubation period of B. pertussis

A

1-2 weeks

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5
Q

Catarrhal stage of B. pertussis

A

Low grade fever
Runny nose
Worsening cough

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6
Q

Paroxysmal stage of B. pertussis

A

Severe cough “Whooping”

Lymphotoxicity (body makes excess WBCs because this bug is associated with hemolysis)

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7
Q

Convalescent stage of B. pertussis

A

Less severe cough lasting ~45 days

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8
Q

B. Pertussis complications

A

Bronchopneumonia

Encephalitis

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9
Q

How does B. pertussis spread

A

Respiratory droplets

Highly contagious

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10
Q

What is most contagious stage of B. pertussis?

A

Catarrhal stage

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11
Q

Why is B. pertussis most dangerous in small children?

A

They have small airways

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12
Q

What are two main reasons B. pertussis is resurging

A

Most adults are not reimmunized

We’ve changed the vaccine from whole-cell to acellular vaccine (whole-cell had LPS and 1% had reaction)

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13
Q

What is the true way of gaining immunity to B. pertussis

A

Having the infection once

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14
Q

What are the six virulent factors of B. pertussis

A 
Filamentous hemagluttinin (Fha)
Pertussis toxin
Calmodulin-dependent adenyl cyclase
Dermnonecrotic toxin
Tracheal cytotoxin
LPS
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15
Q

Filamentous hemagluttinin (Fha) does what?

A

Allows B. pertussis to bind to ciliated epithelial cell

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16
Q

How does B. pertussis toxin work?

A

AB toxin similar to cholera toxin
B part binds to ciliated cells and phagocytes
A part ADP-ribosylates G-protein-inhibitory
Prevents inactivation of adenyl cyclase

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17
Q

What is the treatment for B. pertussis

A

Use erythromycin but it must be administered in the catarrhal stage

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18
Q

What is the unique signature of LPS in B. pertussis?

A

Contains Lipid A and lipid X

X is the unique signature

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19
Q

What is one way to help confer B. pertussis immunity to an infant?

A

Immunize the mother prior to delivery

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20
Q

Dermonecrotic factor from b. pertussis is secreted from the pathogen in which manner?

A

T3SS

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21
Q

What to virulent factors from b. pertussis lead to prolonged cough?

A

Dermonecrotic factor

Tracheal cytotoxin

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22
Q

What is mechanism of tracheal cytotoxin released from b. pertussis

A

(Is a soluble peptidoglycan)

Kills ciliated epithelial cells

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23
Q

What is mechanism of calmodulin-dependent adenyl cyclase virulent factor from b. pertussis?

A

Additional increase of cAMP

remember that the AB toxin prevents the inactivation of adenyl cyclase

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24
Q

What is the main symptom of pertussis in an adult?

A

Just a prolonged cough (1/5 of prolonged coughs due to b. pertussis).

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25
Filamentous hemagluttinin from b. pertussis ultimately leads to what?
Phagocytosis in ciliated epithelium without activating macrophages
26
How do we diagnose b. pertussis?
Culture (this is a difficult method) PCR (gold standard currently) Antibody tests are not always effective
27
How does b. pertussis lead to ciliary stasis?
It has surface proteins pili and pertactin
28
What could be the benefit of administering antibiotics later in a pertussis infection?
It could help prevent the spread
29
Increased cAMP associated with b. pertussis leads to what?
cAMP increases fluid secretion into the lungs
30
When should antibiotics be administered for pertussis
If you've been exposed If there is an outbreak If you work with people that might be susceptible (old and young) If you have infection in catarrhal stage
31
Appearance and stain of H. influenzae
Coccobacillus | GramNeg
32
What are the two forms of H. influenzae?
Typable (has a capsule) | Non-typable
33
How does capsulated H. influenzae look on BHI agar?
Iridescent
34
What does H. influenzae need to grow?
Factor V and X clotting factors (hemolysis is required for these)
35
How many forms of capsules are associated with H. influenzae
Types A-F
36
What is the most infectious capsule of H. influenzae
Type B
37
Kids typically have what form of H. influenzae?
Typable
38
What is the main concern for H. influenzae in children?
1. Meningitis (often involves brain damage, hearing loss) | 2. Otitis media
39
What are the big three for acute otitis media?
H. influenzae Strep pneumonaie Moraxella catarrhalis
40
Besides otitis media and meningitis, what are other conditions caused by H. influenzae in children?
Bacteremia Pharyngitis Bronchitis Epiglottitis (spreads via tear duct-conjunctivitis)
41
Adults most often have what type of H. influenzae?
Non-typable
42
What are clinical conditions in adults caused by H. influenzae?
Pneumonia Sinusitis Epiglottitis
43
What does H. influenzae spread?
Respiratory droplets (highly contagious, communal settings)
44
Why has H. influenzae meningitis decreased?
We have a good vaccine for B-type (Hib)
45
How does H. influenzae adhere to cells?
Pili and proteins
46
What is the main virulence factor of H. influenzae?
Poly-ribosyribitol phosphate (PRP) capsule | Allows invasion of capillaries and CNS
47
What are lesser virulence factors of H. influenzae?
IgA proteases Lipooligosaccharides (LOS) T-cell activation by soluple PG
48
What is a lesser form of B. pertussis?
B. parapertussis (less severe than whooping cough)
49
How do you make type B PRP (H. influenzae) vaccine effective?
In children > 15 months-conjugate to diphtheria toxoid | In children > 2 months-conjugate to other proteins
50
Antiobiotics for haemophilus
Most resolves in less than 3 days Amox for OM Cephalosporins for OM (increased risk diarrhea) Rifampin for meningitis
51
Another common haemophilus bug and sypmtoms?
``` H. Ducreyi Ragged soft ulcer on genitals STD Requires factor V but not X Treat with oral SxT or Macrolides ```
52
Legionella pneumophila shape and stain
GramNeg | Rods with unique branched fatty acids
53
What do you have to use to stain branched fatty acids of legionella pneumophila
Fuchsin stain
54
What do legionella pneumophila need to grow?
Fe and cysteine | High humidity
55
On what medium does legionella pneumophila grow slowly on?
Buffered charcoal yeast extract sugar
56
What are the two clinical conditions caused by legionella pneumophila
Pontiac fever | Legionnaires' Diease
57
Characteristics of pontiac fever
Highly infectious | Mild flu-like illness that lasts a few days
58
Legionnaires' symptoms
Acute pneumonia with high fever | Consolidation and fibrin deposition in multiple foci, usually in lower lungs
59
What are the risk factors for Legionnaires?
>55 year old male Smoker (or emphysema or lung CA) Bronchitis Immunosuppresent drugs
60
What bug is most often implicated in community acquired pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
61
Where is legionella pneumophila found?
Fresh water and soil | Films form in standing water (water towers, shower heads, some city water)
62
How can legionella pneumophila infect via other organisms?
Can parasitize amoeba and flagellated protozoa
63
Transmission of legionella pneumophila?
From mechanized aerolized water droplets (water vapor from shower head) Not transmissible person to person
64
How do legionella pneumophila adhere?
Macrophage-specific adhesion pili
65
What secretion system does legionella pneumophila use?
Type IV (Dot/Icm)
66
What does legionella pneumophila secrete?
AnkX (type IV system) that interferes with m' tubule based transport (no lysosome fusion to phagosome)
67
How is legionella pneumophila taken up by macrophages?
Secretes AnkX to induce macrophage endocytosis Macrophage wraps bacteria with pseudopod many times Bacteria can release LPS from outer membrane
68
How do you detect legionella pneumophila?
Urine antigen test
69
How do you decontaminate source of legionella pneuomophila?
Bleach | Superheating
70
What is treatment for legionella pneumophila?
Macrolides: erythromycin | Sometimes add quinolones
71
What type of receptor recognizes lipteichoic acid (GramPos)
TLR2:TLR6 (also recognizes zymosan on yeast)
72
What type of receptor recognizes LPS (GramNeg)?
TLR4:TLR4 | MD2 and CD14 are also complexed here
73
What type of receptor recognizes unmethylated CpG-rich DNA on bacteria and viruses? Location in the cell?
TLR9 | Endosomes

Micro (13 decks)

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