Lecture 1

Question 1

Why are there so many forms of bacteria?

Answer 1

They can readily mate across species lines

Question 2

Spherical bacteria

Answer 2

Cocci

Question 3

Comma-shaped

Answer 3

Vibrio

Question 4

Bacteria lacking distinct shape

Answer 4

Pleomorphic

Question 5

DNA optical mapping

Answer 5

Technique for constructing ordered, genome-wide, high-resolution restriction maps from single, stained molecules of DNA, called “optical maps”
Read like a barcode

Question 6

Rod-like bacteria

Answer 6

Bacilli

Question 7

Spiral shaped bacteria

Answer 7

Spirochete

Question 8

What two types of bacteria can have endospores?

Answer 8

Bacillus and clostridium

Question 9

How are mycoplasms different that bacteria (4)?

Answer 9

Don’t contain a cell wall
Have cholesterol in their cell walls
Very pleomorphic
Obligate intracellular parasites

Question 10

What is different between a filament and a rod?

Answer 10

Filament is much longer. It is a hairlike fiber.

Question 11

What does strepto mean?

Answer 11

Chains

Question 12

What are common metabolic products that are tested for to determine bacterial species?

Answer 12

Acids, sulfides, ammonium

Question 13

What is an inclusion body?

Answer 13

Nuclear or cytoplasmic aggregates of stainable substances, usually proteins.

Question 14

What is a common function for inclusion bodies?

Answer 14

Store a number of substances:

1. Carbon
2. Sulfur
3. Polyphosphate

Question 15

How is a bacteria chromosome arranged?

Answer 15

It is circular
It is highly folded
Anchored to membrane in various places
Enzymatic reaction centers present

Question 16

Why can an inversion cause changes in virulence and other factors in bacteria?

Answer 16

Because it can disrupt enzymatic reaction centers

Question 17

What are pathogen associated molecular patterns PAMPs?

Answer 17

Molecules associated with groups of pathogens, that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system

Question 18

What is pyroptosis?

Answer 18

Like apoptosis but also includes inflammation and caspase-1

Question 19

What can mycoplasmas resemble?

Answer 19

L-shaped bacteria

Question 20

What are L-shaped bacteria?

Answer 20

Bacteria that stop producing cell wall (because cell wall is a common target for antibiotics)

Question 21

What bacteria is fat in the middle and tapered at the end?

Answer 21

Fusiform

Question 22

Describe genetic material in bacteria

Answer 22

Have a single circular DNA ring. Also have short DNA segments called plasmids.

Question 23

What do prokaryotes lack that are found in eukaryotes?

Answer 23

Membrane-bound organelles

Question 24

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

Answer 24

Binary fission

Question 25

What are “somal” bodies?

Answer 25

Protein-bound vesicles
Gas vesicles
Magnetosomes (membrane bound)
Carboxysomes

Question 26

What is unique about that B. pseudomallei genome?

Answer 26

Has two chromosomes

Question 27

What is found in the variable regions of B pseudomallei genome?

Answer 27

Multiple genomic islands which is associated with virulence

Question 28

What type of secretion does B. pseudomallei use?

Answer 28

Three type III systems

Question 29

How can B pseudomallei move inside the cell?

Answer 29

It can hijack actin machinery

Question 30

What is diplococci?

Answer 30

Two spheres

Question 31

What does staphlo mean

Answer 31

Cluster

Question 32

What shape is coccobacillus?

Answer 32

Oval