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Micro > Lecture 12 > Flashcards

Lecture 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Bacillus has what shape and stain?

A

GramPos (first that we have looked at)
Rods, large, fat, square ends
In chains, palisades, clumps

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2
Q

What is the oxygen environment for bacillus?

A

Aerobic (some species have pathways for butanediol of lactate fermenation)

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3
Q

Where is bacillus found?

A

Soil and leaf surfaces

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4
Q

Bacillus cereus is what kind of disease?

A

Food poisoning (not zooniosis like other bacillus)

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5
Q

Why is bacillus not found in a hosts blood stream?

A

They are spores

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6
Q

What are the two types of bacillus cereus?

A 
Emetic variety-(like staph)
Diarrheal variety (like c-diff)
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7
Q

B. cereus emetic v. presents how?

A

Acute N/V and cramps (1 hour)

Resolves in 1 hour

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8
Q

B. cerues diarrheal c. presents how?

A

Slower onset diarrhea and cramps (6-8 hours)

No vomiting

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9
Q

What foods are implicated in B. cereus infections?

A

Cooked pasta and rice (spores germinate and produce toxins)

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10
Q

What are the four toxins of B. cereus?

A 
Emetic toxin (K+ ionophore)
3 enterotoxins:
Hemolytic
Non-hemolytic (forms pores)
Cytotoxin (activates ad. cyc.)
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11
Q

What is the form of B. anthracis that is encounted?

A

Central spores

looks like cut glass colonies on blood agar and no hemolysis

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12
Q

What type of capsule does B. anthracis have?

A

Poly-D glutamate

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13
Q

What is clinical presentation of B. anthracis

A

Papule becomes a large necrotic eschar in 12-36 hours

Disseminates and may affect organs

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14
Q

How can you get anthrax?

A

Touching
Eating
Breathing
(usually from handling infected animal products)

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15
Q

How does anthrax cause illness?

A

Spores enter macrophages and germinate in phagolysosome upon exposure to ROS
Release a triparte AB toxin
B part binds to receptors and facilitates entry
A-lethal factor MAP kinase protease leads to necrosis
A-edema factor activates calmodulin dependent adenyl cyclase leads to water secretion

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16
Q

What encodes the virulence factors of anthrax

A

Plasmid encoded (both plasmids are needed for full virulence)

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17
Q

How do you treat cutaneous bacillus?

A

PCN

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18
Q

How do you treat systemic bacillus?

A

Doxy

Cipro

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19
Q

What is the vaccine for bacillus?

A

Live cell vaccine
PA toxoid vaccine (military)
New trial for immunoglobulin

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20
Q

What is shape and stain of brucella?

A

GramNeg
Coccobacillus
Nonmotile

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21
Q

What is oxygen profile for brucella?

A

Aerobic

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22
Q

Where is brucella found in it’s host?

A

Obligate intracellular parasites (PMNs and macrophages)

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23
Q

What are the four types of brucella humans can get?

A

B. melitensis (goats)
B. abortus (cattle)
B. suis (swine)
B. canis (dogs)

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24
Q

What is incubation period for brucella?

A

1-6 months

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25
Q

What is characteristic of brucella infection?

A

Undulant fever
Granulomas in tissues (liver, spleen, lymph nodes)
General weakness and malaise

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26
Q

What is a concern for how brucella can be spread by cattle?

A

Abortions caused by the organism can get on the grass. This can lead to infected milk.
Can also get from:
Handling infected animals
Infected labs

27
Q

What tissues are commonly affected by brucella?

A

Endothelium granulomas of liver, spleen, bone marrow

28
Q

How does brucella cause disease on a molecular level?

A

No exotoxin so infection from bacterial growth

29
Q

How do you treat for brucella?

A

Doxy
Rifampin
Streptomycin

30
Q

Shape and stain of francisella tularensis?

A 
GramNeg
Small coccobacillus (pleomorphic)
31
Q

Describe growth of francisella tularensis?

A

Slow growth

Needs cysteine

32
Q

Francisella tularensis clincal presentation

A

Inflamed, ulcerated papule at site of infection
High fever, severe toxemia
Abscess in liver, spleen, lymph node, lungs

33
Q

How is francisella tularensis transmitted

A

Skinning infected rabbits
Ticks of deerflies
Lab hazards

34
Q

What is the pathogenesis of francisella tularensis?

A

Complement resistant capsule
Taken up by macrophages via coiling phagocytosis
Has LPS and PG
PAI with 17 genes and T4SS mechanism

35
Q

How do you treat francisella tularensis?

A

Doxy
Cipro
Gentamycin

36
Q

Pasteurella multocida shape and stain

A

GramNeg
Coccobacilli
Bipolar staining which is hard to see

37
Q

What is oxygen requirement for pasteurella multocida

A

Faculatative anaerobe

38
Q

How many capsule types of pasteurella multocida have?

A

4

A is the most common

39
Q

How does pasteurella multocida present?

A

Local or disseminated soft tissue abscess

Can progress to cellulitis

40
Q

How do we worry about pasteurella multocida in animals?

A

First it’s a zoonosis

It can also kill many kinds of animals

41
Q

How is pasteurella multocida often transmitted?

A

Almost always via animal bites

Occasionally via dust (fomites)

42
Q

Pasteurella multocida pathogenesis?

A

Antiphagocytic capsule
Adhere with special pili and Fe-binding proteins
Adhere to macrophages but not engulfed
Pathogenesis by growth and abscess formation

43
Q

Why are in vivo use of antibiotics against pasteurella multocida not very effective?

A

It grows very fast

44
Q

How do you treat pasteurella multocida?

A

Pen/Amp or Ceph + tetracycline

45
Q

Bartonella henselae shape and stain

A

GramNeg
Rods
Looks like rickettsia

46
Q

Why do cats give people Bartonella henselae

A

Protein that can attach to feline RBCs

47
Q

Where is Bartonella henselae found in humans?

A

Intracellular

48
Q

How does Bartonella henselae present in clinic

A 
Papule at inoculation site
Local swelling
Fever
Regional lymph node swelling
Occassionally "culture negative" endocarditis
49
Q

What disease does Bartonella henselae cause

A

Cat scratch fever

50
Q

What diease does bartonella quintana cause?

A

Trench fever

5 day fever, recurring

51
Q

What is a third diease caused by bartonella (beside cat scratch and trench fever)?

A

Bacillary angiomatosis
Proliferation of small spherical blood vessels in inflamed endothelial background
Papular or tumoral lesion
Man occur in organs too

52
Q

How is bartonella quintana spread?

A

Human lice

Common among homeless

53
Q

What is bacillary angiomatosis associated with?

A

AIDs

54
Q

What is pathogenesis of bartonella?

A

Outer membrane binding protein
Penetrate endothelial cells (T4SS)
Produce CSF and NF-kB and induces apoptosis

55
Q

How do you treat bartonella?

A

Usually don’t for cat scratch fever

Azithromycin and rifampin for bacillary angiomatosis

56
Q

Leptospira interrogans shape

A

Very thin spirochete

57
Q

How do Leptospira interrogans move?

A

Endoflagella

58
Q

What is metabolism of Leptospira interrogans

A

All from long chain fatty acids (no glycolysis)

59
Q

How does Leptospira interrogans present?

A

Capillary vasculitis and edema in many organs (leakage of RBCs and serum)

60
Q

Leptospira interrogans is eliminated from most places in the body with a few exceptions. What are they?

A

Liver, kidneys, CNS, eyes

61
Q

What is the second stage of Leptospira interrogans

A

Weil’s disease
Jaundice due to liver failure
Nitrogen retention from kidney medulla destruction
Blood shot, oozing eyes
Meningitis
Nausea, vomiting, and intense pain from toxic organ failure

62
Q

How is Leptospira interrogans transferred?

A

Organism can be shed into water via urine from infected kidneys
Also from infected animal urine

63
Q

Leptospira interrogans pathogenesis?

A

No toxins detected
Intracellular growth possible
Pathogenesis from endothelial damage in capillaries
More severe in more perfused organs

64
Q

Leptospira interrogans control?

A 
Antibiotics not always useful
Corticosteroids for kidney damage
Macrolides and quinolones can be used
Doxy used prophylactically by military when in contaminated water
Vaccinate dogs against it

Micro (13 decks)

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