lecture 7 Flashcards
define rules in behavioural terms
verbal stimulus that describes a situation in which a particular bh will lead to a particular consequence
rule sources of reinforcement
ply : comes from rulegiver
track: comes externally (eg touch stove =get burnt)
contingency shaped vs rule governed
Rule governed = bh controlled by statement of rule
Contingency shaped = bh shaped by immeadiate conseuquences, usually via trial and error
rules work best when
rapid change needed
consequence of bh is delayed
natural reinforcers are intermittent
why follow rules with delayed conseqeunces
First, although the reinforcer identified in a rule might be delayed for an individual, other people might provide
other immediate consequences if the individual follows or does not follow the rule. In the example of the parent who
provides the rule, “If you study for an hour each night this week, you can watch the late movie on Friday night,” the
parent might also say, immediately after an instance of studying on Monday night, “Good for you. Keep it up and you’ll
be able to stay up late on Friday.”
guides for effective rules
specific desc of bh and cons
probable cons
sizeable cons
deadlines
goal
a rule that acts as a motivation to achieve a specific desired outcome
when to use goals vs rules
Goals are likely to be effective if they (1) are specific;
(2) include mastery
criteria;
(3) identify the circumstances under which the desirable behavior or outcome should occur;
(4) are challenging
rather than do-your-best goals;
(5) are public rather than private;
(6) include deadlines;
(7) include feedback on progress;
and
(8) if the individual is committed to the goals.
Modeling
sample of a given bh is demonstrated to an individual to induce that individual to engage in a similar bh
ex. demonstration of a skill
effective use of modeling
Arrange for Peers to Be Models
Arrange for the Modeled Behavior to Be Seen to Be Effective
Use Multiple Models
What is behavioural skills training
The combination of instructions,
modeling, rehearsal, and reinforcement to teach a variety of skills is called behavioral skills training (BST)
examples of BST
examples include skill acquisition
in sports (Tai & Miltenberger, 2017), teaching parents of children with autism to increase diet variety for their children
(Seiverling, Williams, Sturmey, & Hart, 2012) and to enhance the social skills of their children
Physical guidance is ?
Physical guidance is the application of physical contact to induce an individual to go through the motions of a desired
behavior.
phys guidance oft used in conjunction w
instruction, modeling, and reinforcement for correct responses
or approximations to them
situational inducement
to the influence of a behavior by using situations and occasions that
already exert control over the behavior
situational inducement examples
a) rearranging the existing surroundings, (b) moving
the activity to a new location, (c) relocating the people, and (d) changing the time of the activity
guidelines for sit inducement
- Clearly identify the desired behavior to be strengthened
- Brainstorm all possible environmental arrangements in the presence of which the desired behavior has occurred
- identify those that could be easily introduced to control the target behavior.
- Arrange for the learner to be exposed to the stimuli that control the target behavior in the desired way
- Make sure that undesirable behavior never occurs in the presence of situations introduced to strengthen desirable
behavior. - When the desirable behavior occurs in the presence of the new arrangement, be sure that it is reinforced.
- Use fading to bring the behavior under desired stimulus control.
traditional view of motivation vs bh view of motivation
trad - many people
conceptualize motivation as some “thing” within us that causes our actions. circular reasoning (motivated bc works hard, works hard bc motivated)
bh-behavioral psychologists have adopted the
concept of a motivating operation
motivating operation (MO)
(MO) is an event or operation that (a) temporarily alters the effectiveness of a reinforcer
or punisher—a value-altering effect and
(b) influences behavior that normally leads to that reinforcer or punisher—a behavior-altering effect. In simple terms, an MO temporarily changeswhat you want and tells you how to get it.
MO in four term contingency
MO→ SD → R → SR, where the first term is the motivating operation, the second
is a discriminative stimulus, the third is a response controlled by that discriminative stimulus, and the fourth is a
consequence of emitting that response which typically alters the MO in some way.
Motivating establishing operations (MEO)
An MEO is an event or operation that temporarily increases the effectiveness of a reinforcer or punisher—the
value-altering effect, and increases the likelihood of behaviors that lead to that reinforcer or decreases the likelihood of
behaviors that lead to that punisher—the behavior-altering effect.
MAO-motivating abolishing operations
An MAO is an event or operation that temporarily decreases the effectiveness of a reinforcer or punisher and
decreases the likelihood of behaviors that normally lead to that reinforcer or increases the likelihood of behaviors that
normally lead to that punisher.
example of UMEO(unconditioned) and CMEO (conditioned)
An example of a UMEO involving a reinforcer is food deprivation. When we are food deprived, food is a powerful
reinforcer, and we are likely to engage in various food-seeking behaviors
An example of a CMEO involving a reinforcer was Coach Dawson’s description of the
points program, which increased the reinforcing value of points and increased practice behaviors
UMAO vs CMAO
UMAO involving a reinforcer is food satiation. Just after eating a big meal, food temporarily loses
its effectiveness as a reinforcer
cmao —-suppose at one of the Little League baseball
practices described previously, the coach announced that players could still earn points, but they could no longer
be exchanged for a ticket to attend a major league baseball game
