lecture 7

Question 1

define rules in behavioural terms

Answer 1

verbal stimulus that describes a situation in which a particular bh will lead to a particular consequence

Question 2

rule sources of reinforcement

Answer 2

ply : comes from rulegiver
track: comes externally (eg touch stove =get burnt)

Question 3

contingency shaped vs rule governed

Answer 3

Rule governed = bh controlled by statement of rule
Contingency shaped = bh shaped by immeadiate conseuquences, usually via trial and error

Question 4

rules work best when

Answer 4

rapid change needed
consequence of bh is delayed
natural reinforcers are intermittent

Question 5

why follow rules with delayed conseqeunces

Answer 5

First, although the reinforcer identified in a rule might be delayed for an individual, other people might provide
other immediate consequences if the individual follows or does not follow the rule. In the example of the parent who
provides the rule, “If you study for an hour each night this week, you can watch the late movie on Friday night,” the
parent might also say, immediately after an instance of studying on Monday night, “Good for you. Keep it up and you’ll
be able to stay up late on Friday.”

Question 6

guides for effective rules

Answer 6

specific desc of bh and cons
probable cons
sizeable cons
deadlines

Question 7

goal

Answer 7

a rule that acts as a motivation to achieve a specific desired outcome

Question 8

when to use goals vs rules

Answer 8

Goals are likely to be effective if they (1) are specific;
(2) include mastery
criteria;
(3) identify the circumstances under which the desirable behavior or outcome should occur;
(4) are challenging
rather than do-your-best goals;
(5) are public rather than private;
(6) include deadlines;
(7) include feedback on progress;
and
(8) if the individual is committed to the goals.

Question 9

Modeling

Answer 9

sample of a given bh is demonstrated to an individual to induce that individual to engage in a similar bh

ex. demonstration of a skill

Question 10

effective use of modeling

Answer 10

Arrange for Peers to Be Models
Arrange for the Modeled Behavior to Be Seen to Be Effective
Use Multiple Models

Question 11

What is behavioural skills training

Answer 11

The combination of instructions,
modeling, rehearsal, and reinforcement to teach a variety of skills is called behavioral skills training (BST)

Question 12

examples of BST

Answer 12

examples include skill acquisition
in sports (Tai & Miltenberger, 2017), teaching parents of children with autism to increase diet variety for their children
(Seiverling, Williams, Sturmey, & Hart, 2012) and to enhance the social skills of their children

Question 13

Physical guidance is ?

Answer 13

Physical guidance is the application of physical contact to induce an individual to go through the motions of a desired
behavior.

Question 14

phys guidance oft used in conjunction w

Answer 14

instruction, modeling, and reinforcement for correct responses
or approximations to them

Question 15

situational inducement

Answer 15

to the influence of a behavior by using situations and occasions that
already exert control over the behavior

Question 16

situational inducement examples

Answer 16

a) rearranging the existing surroundings, (b) moving
the activity to a new location, (c) relocating the people, and (d) changing the time of the activity

Question 17

guidelines for sit inducement

Answer 17

1. Clearly identify the desired behavior to be strengthened
2. Brainstorm all possible environmental arrangements in the presence of which the desired behavior has occurred
3. identify those that could be easily introduced to control the target behavior.
4. Arrange for the learner to be exposed to the stimuli that control the target behavior in the desired way
5. Make sure that undesirable behavior never occurs in the presence of situations introduced to strengthen desirable
   behavior.
6. When the desirable behavior occurs in the presence of the new arrangement, be sure that it is reinforced.
7. Use fading to bring the behavior under desired stimulus control.

Question 18

traditional view of motivation vs bh view of motivation

Answer 18

trad - many people
conceptualize motivation as some “thing” within us that causes our actions. circular reasoning (motivated bc works hard, works hard bc motivated)

bh-behavioral psychologists have adopted the
concept of a motivating operation

Question 19

motivating operation (MO)

Answer 19

(MO) is an event or operation that (a) temporarily alters the effectiveness of a reinforcer
or punisher—a value-altering effect and
(b) influences behavior that normally leads to that reinforcer or punisher—a behavior-altering effect. In simple terms, an MO temporarily changeswhat you want and tells you how to get it.

Question 20

MO in four term contingency

Answer 20

MO→ SD → R → SR, where the first term is the motivating operation, the second
is a discriminative stimulus, the third is a response controlled by that discriminative stimulus, and the fourth is a
consequence of emitting that response which typically alters the MO in some way.

Question 21

Motivating establishing operations (MEO)

Answer 21

An MEO is an event or operation that temporarily increases the effectiveness of a reinforcer or punisher—the
value-altering effect, and increases the likelihood of behaviors that lead to that reinforcer or decreases the likelihood of
behaviors that lead to that punisher—the behavior-altering effect.

Question 22

MAO-motivating abolishing operations

Answer 22

An MAO is an event or operation that temporarily decreases the effectiveness of a reinforcer or punisher and
decreases the likelihood of behaviors that normally lead to that reinforcer or increases the likelihood of behaviors that
normally lead to that punisher.

Question 23

example of UMEO(unconditioned) and CMEO (conditioned)

Answer 23

An example of a UMEO involving a reinforcer is food deprivation. When we are food deprived, food is a powerful
reinforcer, and we are likely to engage in various food-seeking behaviors

An example of a CMEO involving a reinforcer was Coach Dawson’s description of the
points program, which increased the reinforcing value of points and increased practice behaviors

Question 24

UMAO vs CMAO

Answer 24

UMAO involving a reinforcer is food satiation. Just after eating a big meal, food temporarily loses
its effectiveness as a reinforcer

cmao —-suppose at one of the Little League baseball
practices described previously, the coach announced that players could still earn points, but they could no longer
be exchanged for a ticket to attend a major league baseball game