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bil 360 > lecture 6c > Flashcards

lecture 6c Flashcards

Feeding and Digestion: Intestinal Morphology and Function

1
Q

gastric

A

stomach

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2
Q

enteric

A

intestine and stomach

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3
Q

most ancient organ system

A

digestive along with integumentary

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4
Q

define blastopore and archenteron

A

During gastrulation, the archenteron develops into the digestive tube, with the blastopore developing into either the mouth (protostome) or the anus (deuterostome).

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5
Q

digestion

A

the physiological function of processing ingested food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body.

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6
Q

absorption

A

the physiological process of bringing molecules into the living tissues (in this case, from the lumen of the intestine).

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7
Q

incomplete digestive sys

A

blind-end sac.
One opening serves the function of both mouth and anus.
This was the first type of gastrointestinal tract to evolve.

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8
Q

The complete digestive tract

A
  • has an opening at each end

- may have contributed to the evolutionary success and diversification of animals

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9
Q

headgut

A

consisting of the lips (in mammals) mouth, tongue, and pharynx

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10
Q

name 4 parts of the foregut

A

esophagus
stomach
crop (some species)
gizzard

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11
Q

midgut

A

consisting of the small intestine.

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12
Q

hindgut

A

has the large intestine

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13
Q

crop vs gizzard

crop for “:storing crops”
g for gizzard and grounding

A

They seem to be the same structure but they perform different functions. The crop is closer to the head than the gizzard is. The crop is where food passes into when it leaves the esophagus. The gizzard, which is the next stop for food after leaving the crop, is where food is ground.

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14
Q

ex of incomplete digestive sys

A

cnidarian (jelly fish)

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15
Q

ex of complete digestive sys

A

earthworm
grasshopper
bird

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16
Q

carnivore gi tract vs herbivore gi tract

A

carnivore is smaller and simpler

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17
Q

fermentation

A

is a cellular process that is anaerobic. It is the means used by certain cells to convert organic food into simpler compounds.

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18
Q

why is intestinal microbiome disruption dangerous for herbivores?

A

they need proper symbiois or else it could be a can be a serious, sometimes lethal, insult.

ex: when certain antibiotics are given to them

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19
Q

benefit of microbes in herbivores

A

collectively to the microscopic organisms, including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses.

== helps in breaking things down into simpler materials

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20
Q

headgut

A

mouth and associated structures

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21
Q

name the 2 mouthparts that anthropods (crabs) as their headgut

A
  1. chelicerae

2. mandibles

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22
Q

define chelicerae

A

used to hold and crush prey.

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23
Q

define homodont and give an example

A

teeth are relatively uniform in shape

ex: vertebrates

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24
Q

define Polyphyodont and give an example

A

teeth are constantly lost and replaced.

ex: Fish, toothed amphibians, and reptiles are polyphyodonts.

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25
Q

how have teeth helped headguts? there are 4

A

conical teeth of different sizes

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26
Q

life process of fish teeth such as sharks

A

start out as homodont teeth with conical shape but later in life ends up with polydont because it replaces teeth constantly

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27
Q

life process of Tuataras, Lizards, Snakes, and crocodilians

A

start out as homodont teeth with conical shape but later in life ends up with polydont because it replaces teeth constantly

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28
Q

Viperid and Elapid vs colubrid snakes

A

colubrid (Columbia) has rear fangs
the other snakes have elongated fangs

either way, the fangs are used to release venom

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29
Q

birds do not have teeth but rather

A

these bills are from nat selection and varies by diff type of bird

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30
Q

diphyodonts and give ex

A

teeth are replaced only once.
deciduous (“baby”) teeth fall out
permanent teeth

ex: humans

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31
Q

heterodonts and giv ex

A

pertains to animals where teeth are differentiated into different forms such as incisors, canines, premolars, and molars.

ex: humans

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32
Q

incisors

A

at the front of the mouth have a sharp biting surface and are used for cutting or shearing food into small chewable pieces.

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33
Q

canine teeth

A

They have a sharp, pointed biting surface. Their function is to grip and tear food

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34
Q

premolars

A

flat biting surface. Their function is to tear and crush food.

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35
Q

molars

A

used to crush food

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36
Q

what are ceceans

A

dolphins whales and porpoises (aquatic marine animals)

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37
Q

what type of teeth do ceceans have?

A

secondarily reverted to the homodont condition.

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38
Q

hypsodonts

A

Teeth grow continually throughout the animal’s life.
Teeth wear against each other during chewing, maintaining proper length.
Correct dental occlusion is critical for maintenance of healthy tooth length.

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39
Q

esophagus

A

pushes food from the headgut into the stomach

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40
Q

define stomach and what is ph

A

breaks up food with muscular action, acids, and digestive enzymes.
stomach environment may be highly acidic (pH ~ 0.8 in humans)
stomach secretes pepsins to digest proteins

41
Q

gall bladder

A

stores bile, a lipid emulsifier

42
Q

secretes digestive enzymes (exocrine function) and insulin (endocrine function)

A

pancreas

43
Q

4 functions of liver

A

bile production and excretion
bilirubin excretion (breaks down heme)
cholesterol, hormone, and toxin excretion
protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism

44
Q

the midgut contains what percentage of the transverse colon?

A

65%

45
Q

the hindgut contains what percentage of the transverse colon?

A

35%

46
Q

name 2 functions of the hindgut?

A

it is the large intestine

reabsorbs water and electrolytes
stores fecal matter between defecations

47
Q

cloaca

A

A cloaca is an orifice through which urine and feces are eliminated in birds, reptiles, amphibians, and a few branches of the mammal family tree. It also serves a reproductive function like the vagina in females of these species, and also performs the function of sperm ejaculation in males of some species.

48
Q

Arthropods

A

invertebrates

49
Q

chitin

A

a fibrous substance consisting of polysaccharides and forming the major constituent in the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi.

50
Q

what does arthopods and cloacas have in their foregut and hindgut but not in midgut?

A

chitin

51
Q

Malpighian tubules

A

collect nitrogenous waste for insects

They then empty waste into the intestine at the midgut/hindgut junction

52
Q

mucosa

A

gut epithelium+ conn tiss

53
Q

Gut wall muscles are arranged in

A

an outer layer of longitudinal muscles

an inner layer of circular muscles

54
Q

peristalis

A

wavelike constrictions of the intestine that push food caudally towards the anus/cloaca

55
Q

segmentation

A

organized circular muscle constrictions that push food back and forth in the intestine.

56
Q

submucosa

A

blood vess and lymph vess

57
Q

illeus

A

is a pathological condition in which peristalsis ceases.

If not treated, this can result in intestinal obstruction and sometimes life-threatening complications.

58
Q

dysbiosis (not symiosis)

A

an imbalance of the normal microbial flora.

59
Q

static intestine

A

fertile ground for overgrowth of harmful bacteria, as chemical conditions in the lumen change.

==== can cause dysymbiosis

60
Q

pilli

A

increases SA

61
Q

reactor

A

a vessel used to perform industrial chemical or microbial reactions to produce various products.

62
Q

name 3 diff types of reactors

A

batched reactor
contin flow reactor
contin flow with mixed

63
Q

batched reactor

A

processes one batch at a time, emptying out its products between batches.

Animals with a simple gut are somewhat analogous to this type of reactor like snakes

64
Q

contin flow reactor (no mix)

A

tube in which batches line up in the order in which they were placed in the reactor.

like in carnivores and omnivores
Multiple meals per day travel through the intestine, but do not mix.

65
Q

contin flow reactor ( mix)

A

tube with an intervening, enlarged vessel that allows mixing of batches that have been added to the reactor at different times.

The intestine of an herbivorous fermenter functions like a this type of reactor.

66
Q

Microbial fermentation works best on

A

mixture of previously ingested food (already colonized by microbes) and recently ingested food.

67
Q

cud

A

partly digested food returned from the first stomach of ruminants to the mouth for further chewing

68
Q

ruminants vs pseudoruminants

A

ruminants have 4 chambers whereas the pseudoruminants have 2 or 3

the microbes involved are non ancidic and can live up to 10 to the tenth population

69
Q

has a honeycomb-like appearance
involved in separation of particles of different sizes
Cooked, it is known as tripe

A

reticulum

70
Q

omassum

A 
involved in water re-absorption 
highly folded ("like the pages of a book")
71
Q

Abossum

A

acidic
essentially similar to the monogastric animal stomach
secretes a cocktail of digestive enzymes

72
Q

Chymosin

A

produced by newborn ruminant animals in the lining of the abomasum to curdle the milk they ingest, allowing a longer residence in the bowels and better absorption

73
Q

Bc VFAs constantly move down their concentration gradient

through the rumen epithelium into the bloodstream and on to the liver

A

Effects will be VFAs constantly move down their concentration gradient
through the rumen epithelium into the bloodstream and on to the liver

74
Q

factors of the enteric fermentation

A

CO2
CH4
amino acids
b vitamins

75
Q

eff of corn and soy

A

raises methane

76
Q

eff of grass

A

lowers methane which lowers energy which will limit the animal’s growth

77
Q

where is ammonia is converted to urea via the ornithine/urea cycle ?

A

liver

78
Q

Urea Nitrogen Salvaging (UNS) factors. there are 4

A
  • -maintenance of nitrogen balance in ruminants
  • -regulation of blood pH
  • -water conservation in desert herbivores
  • -maintenance of lean mass in hibernating mammals
79
Q

define midgut fermenters and give two examples of herbivores that do this?

A

have expanded part of the small intestine to house mutualistic, cellulose-digesting microbes.

ex: fishes and insects

80
Q

name the three acids that VFAs produced are primarily

A

acetic
propionic
butyric

81
Q

why do Termites rely on ancient flagellate (protist with endings as mypha) symbionts, aneurobic bacteria, and archaens?

A

to ferment cellulose and hemicellulose into usable acetic acid.

82
Q

why do Termites rely on ancient flagellate (protist with endings as mypha) symbionts, aneurobic bacteria, and archaens?

A

to ferment cellulose and hemicellulose into usable acetic acid.

beetles like to break down cellulose into vfa as well

83
Q

diff btwn vertebrates and insects

A

vertebrates can synthesize their sterols

84
Q

define vfa volatile fatty acids (VFAs)

A

constantly move down their concentration gradient
through the rumen epithelium into the bloodstream and on to the liver.

metabolized into compounds (e.g., acetyl coenzyme A)
entering the Krebs Cycle.

gives energy

nonpolar nutrients that are absorbed on apical surface

85
Q

role of midgut fermentations

A

expanded part of the small intestine to house mutualistic, cellulose-digesting microbes.

86
Q

cecum

A

pouch or large tubelike structure in the lower abdominal cavity that receives undigested food material from the small intestine and is considered the first region of the large intestine.

87
Q

hindgut fermenters

A

expand either the caecum or the colon (or both) to house fermenting microbes

88
Q

cecal fermenters

A

The animal senses the cecotrope passing from the rectum and reaches down to snatch it before it touches the ground.

ex: lagomorphs and rodents

89
Q

Cecotrophy vs coprophagy

A

Caecotrophy” is a kind of coprophagy. “Caecotrophy” specifically refers to the ingestion of caecal feces for nutritional purposes. “Coprophagy” refers to the ingestion of feces for any reason, including mental illness.

90
Q

colipase

A

binds to lipase, changing it to active form.

secreted by pancreas

91
Q

inactive form of colipase is

A

procolipase

92
Q

pepsin cleaves what and where?

A

aromatic aa residues at carboxyl

93
Q

inactive form of peptin

A

pepsinogen

94
Q

chymotrypsin

A

carboxyl end of aromatic residues

active by small intest but inactive by pancreas

95
Q

apical surface

A

epithelial cell that is exposed to the body exterior or to the cavity of an internal organ

96
Q

thin epithelium

A

increases diff rate

97
Q

lacteal

A

tiny lymphatic vessel that absorbs fats

98
Q

chylomicrons

A

fats aggregate with proteins to form chylomicrons, which can be transported throughout the body via the bloodstream.

99
Q

acclimatization

A

Acclimatization or acclimatisation (also called acclimation or acclimatation) is the process in which an individual organism adjusts to a change in its environment (such as a change in altitude, temperature, humidity, photoperiod, or pH), allowing it to maintain performance across a range of environmental conditions.

bil 360 (11 decks)

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