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bil 360 > chap 12 nervous system > Flashcards

chap 12 nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

metazoans

A

any of a group (Metazoa) that comprises all animals having the body composed of cells differentiated into tissues and organs and usually a digestive cavity lined with specialized cells.

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2
Q

do sponges aka parazoa have a nervous sys?

A

no but they do have sensory primordia

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3
Q

describe the nerve network of the radiata?

A

cobweb-like nerve network encircling the mouth.

It projects most densely into tentacles (or comb rows) and aboral surface.

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4
Q

define bilaterian and giv ex

A

symmetry is a characteristic of certain organisms in which there is regularity in parts on a plane or around an axis.
ex: humans

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5
Q

metameric

A

relating to or consisting of several similar segments

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6
Q

the body and the nervous system of the bilaterias are

A

metameric

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7
Q

cephalization

A

forming head and anus

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8
Q

Annelida (segmented worms) have a nervous system consisting of

A

ventral nerve cord that travels the length of the body

ganglia, one in each segment (metamere)

nerve collar surrounding the pharynx

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9
Q

arthropods are

A

invertebrate animals (such as insects, arachnids, and crustaceans)

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10
Q

arthropod cephalic ganglion has what kind of brain

A

a true brain that is quite complex, allowing
learning complex navigation
memory

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11
Q

Cephalopoda (octopods and squids) have complex brains that allow

A

solve complex problems like opening pill bottles
and show evidence of cognition

learn and memmory storage

dominant eye

2/3 of neurons in arm which causes each arm to act independently and may have nocireceptors that may signal pain

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12
Q

name the 3 types of chordata and which one has most complex brain?

A

Cephalochordata (lancelets)
Urochordata (tunicates)
Vertebrata (vertebrates)

vertebrates have the most complex brain

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13
Q

grey matter

A

-neuron bodies and dendrites

external to white matter in the brain

comprises the brain’s cortex (outer layer)
cerebral cortex houses neurons performing higher brain functions

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14
Q

4 regions of the vertebrate brain

A 
forebrain:
telencephalon
(cerebral hemispheres) 
diencephalon
(thalamus and hypothalamus)

mesencephalon
(midbrain)
rhombencephalon
(hindbrain)

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15
Q

4 regions of the vertebrate brain

A

forebrain:
telencephalon
(cerebral hemispheres)

diencephalon
(thalamus and hypothalamus)

mesencephalon
(midbrain) will control processing of auditory and visual movement

rhombencephalon
(hindbrain) of the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the cerebellum.

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16
Q

proto

A

original or primitive

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17
Q

Protoreptilian” brain

A

dervied from rhombencephalon and mesencephalon

has: 
brain stem
pons 
medulla oblongata
controls basic homeostatic processes (heartbeat, breathing, etc.)
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18
Q

Paleomammalian” brain (limbic system)

A 
derived from mesencephalon, diencephalon and telencephalon 
olfactory bulbs 
thalamus 
hypothalamus 
hippocampi 
amygdalas 
involved in a variety of processes
(olfaction, emotion, behavior, long-term memory, etc.)
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19
Q

Paleomammalian” brain (limbic system)

A 
derived from mesencephalon, diencephalon and telencephalon 
olfactory bulbs 
thalamus 
hypothalamus 
hippocampi 
amygdalas 
involved in a variety of processes
(olfaction, emotion, behavior, long-term memory, etc.)

seeks pleasure and avoid pain

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20
Q

neocortex

A 
derived from the telencephalon 
it is essentially an outgrowth of the limbic system 
comprises the cerebral cortices 
controls higher cognitive functions 
language reason about external world
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21
Q

the reptilian brain is now what of humans had this rumor been true

A

basal ganglia which is not only part of mammals brain

paul mcclain believes that there is 3 parts and that they are all part of the brain like if we start arguing, that is the reptilian part

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22
Q

somatotopic maps.

A

Sensory processes are maintained in topographic maps in the brain

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23
Q

Somatotopy

A

point-for-point correspondence of an area of the body to a specific point on the central nervous system

24
Q

which brain has more neurons? humans or insects?

A

humans have billions of neurons because our brains are bigger

insects have thousands

25
Q

brain homoculus

A

the the relative sensory space human body parts occupy on the cerebral cortex.

ex: visual or motor cortex are in a certain region

26
Q

do birds have a neocortex

A

no but they do have a the avian dorsal ventricular ridge (DVR), also derived from the telencephalon, contains nuclei (neuron clusters) that appear to function as neocortical neurons do.

27
Q

unique about birds brains

A

Many bird species have impressive cognitive abilities.

Birds have higher forebrain neuron density than mammals.

crow uses short stick to get the stones that will later drop in tube and open the box to get the long tube which will complete total of 8 steps for the first time to get the food that he wants to eat

28
Q

Primates, and possibly in other mammals, have specialized mirror neurons located

A

in the primary motor cortex of the cerebrum.

29
Q

motor neurons are activated when?

A

when the animal generates a particular movement,
such as reach and grasp
when the animal sees another individual perform a movement
The neuron “mirrors” the behavior of other individual’s action and neuronal activity.

30
Q

mirror neurons are beneficial when trying to understand movement because?

A

Mirror neurons appear to code for the abstract concept of the movement,
not just the execution of the movement.

31
Q

chordata

A

present during some time of their life cycles are a notochord, a dorsal hollow tubular nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, endostyle/thyroid gland, and a post-anal tail.

32
Q

Cephalochordata (lancelets) vs

Urochordata (tunicates)

A

Tunicates are sessile as adults. Lancelets retain the juvenile swimming form of tunicates into adulthood via neotony. Probably happened as a result of some tunicates settling down in the ocean near river mouths and would get suffocated eventually by silt

33
Q

neuron circuits

A
  • a closed loop network providing a return path for current.

- can elicit a coordinated response in an animal’s effectors.

34
Q

The vertebrate spinal cord has two types of circuits:

A
  1. local

2. ascending/descending

35
Q

local circuits are

A

reside within a single spinal cord segment
e.g., simple spinal reflex circuit
relatively primitive

36
Q

ascending

A

send information

from spinal cord to brain

37
Q

descending

A

send information

from brain to spinal cord

38
Q

cranial nerves

A

peripheral nerves
that connect directly to the brain.

Cranial nerves may be made up of
sensory neurons 
autonomic (involuntary) motor neurons 
somatic (voluntary) motor neurons 
combinations of both sensory and motor neurons
39
Q

spinal nerves

A

are peripheral nerves that connect to the spine.

40
Q

Input from sensory neurons enters via

A

dorsal root

41
Q

Output to motor neurons exits via the

A

ventral root

42
Q

when saying that Neuronal connections in the CNS are not “hardwired”.

A

it means that Connections between neurons adapts to the animal’s experience during
juvenile development
maturation
learning experiences

43
Q

nerve

A

a bundle of neuron axons in the PNS that convey information

from a particular source

44
Q

enteric nervous system

A

one of the main divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and consists of a mesh-like system of neurons that governs the function of the gastrointestinal tract.

It appears in the earliest eumetazoans, and is the most primitive nervous sytem.

indep of CNS and called second brain

45
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

controls CONSTANT involuntary functions that can change depending on what is on control of that moment like is it sympathetic or parasympathetic

have ganglia instead of motor neurons

46
Q

neuromuscular junction.

A

The point of synaptic contact for somatic motor neurons are

47
Q

Each muscle fiber is innervated by how many motor neurons?

A

1

48
Q

One motor neuron may synapse onto how many muscle fibers?

A

multiple muscle fibers.

49
Q

sympathetic originated where?

A

in thoracolumnar (btwn thoracic and lumbar)

50
Q

parasympathetic originated where?

A

sacral spinal cord
cranial

above and below sympathetic

ganglia away from spinal cord b/c it works more with organs

post ganglia are shorter than preganglia

51
Q

sympathetic has power to

A

quickly coordinate the functions of many organs at once

ganglia found near spine for wide contact to trigger excitatory ap

preganglia are shorter than postganglia

52
Q

sympathetic has power to

A

quickly coordinate the functions of many organs at once to trigger fast response at once

ganglia found near spine for wide contact to trigger excitatory ap

preganglia are shorter than postganglia

53
Q

autonomic nervous system controls

A

smooth and cardiac muscle; glands (autonomic/internal effectors)
pacemaker region of the heart and some other cardiac tissue
exocrine glands (empty products out of the body)
some endocrine glands
acid-secreting cells of the stomach
brown adipose tissue metabolism
fish swim bladder
fish, amphibian, some reptile chromatophores

54
Q

eumetazoan

A

include true tissues organized into germ layers, and an embryo that goes through a gastrula stage.

except sponges, placozoa, and several other obscure or extinct life forms, such as Dickinsonia.

55
Q

y is enteric sys indep of CNS and called second brain?

A

neurons in the enteric nervous system enables us to “feel” the inner world of our gut and its contents. Much of this neural firepower comes to bear in the elaborate daily grind of digestion. Breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and expelling of waste requires chemical processing, mechanical mixing and rhythmic muscle contractions that move everything on down the line.

acts as reflex as well

bil 360 (11 decks)

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