intro to comp phys Flashcards
what do all living things have in common? there are a total of six things.
- rerproduce sexually or asexually
- homeostasis
- have cells
- grow bigger because of cell division
- anatomy
- metabolism
animals are ingestive heterotrophs
they are able to eat their own food. ex: bunnies eating cookies
how is energy stored short term?
as glycogen
energy stored as long term?
triglycerides
hox genes
determines identity of developing body segments.
related genes controlling the body plan of embryos along the cranio-caudal (head-tail axis)
mesenchyme
is a type of connective tissue found mostly during the development of the embryo. It is composed mainly of ground substance with few cells or fibers
relationship between genetic difference of populations and physical separation?
looks like they are clumped together on the low side of the graph
bioluminscent
production of light/ emission as a result of chemical energy to light energy
ex: fireflies. their peere lived in oceans. not all light up
how does firefly produce light in a dark state?
atp reacts with lucerin to get lucerin amp. Then o2 reacts with lucerin amp
how does firefly produce light in a flashing state?
atp reacts with lucerin to get lucerin amp. Then o2 reacts with lucerin amp ALL IN THE PRESENCE OF NITROUS OXIDE
WHY does a firefly produce light?
ecological reason: To attract a mate.
evolutionary reason: Light production was adaptive in ancestral fireflies.
nat selection
evolutionary process by which genes
encoding adaptive traits increase in frequency in populations over generations
evolutionary adaptation
trait (including a physiological mechanism) that has been honed by natural selection.
adaptive significance
the reason why it benefits the species in which it occurs.
two examples of adaptive significance
- fireflies flashing light for reproduction to attract mate
2. South asians have larger spleens (due to mutations in T4) that hold more rbc which holds more o2 for diving
Convergent evolution
independent evidence of similar features in species of different lineages
Evolutionary adaptations are the result of?
NOT COMPLETELY NEW
—- repurposing” materials and structures that are already present and being used for other functions.
why are crystallins convergent?
comprise the lenses in animal eyes evolved from chaperone proteins whose original function was to prevent denaturation of companion proteins during high temperature stress.
why are the Camera eyes of the cephalopods (octopus, squid, Nautilus) and vertebrates convergent?
diff species but same macroscopic structure of the eyes. However….
Cephalopod photoreceptors point towards the front of the eye
Vertebrate photoreceptors point towards the back of the eye
protostome
mouth develops first
deutosterone
anus develops first
name 3 connections btwn metabolism and atoms
- what atoms do in body
- how long atoms stay in body
- where they stay in the body
milieu interieur
body/organisms cells never in contact with external environment bc cells are suurounded by other organs
homeostasis
maintain constant internal environment within organism
soemtimes depends on organism
ex: fish has constant blood cl concentration while water cl concen incr
define controlled variable and give example
the THING that has to be mainstained constant in the body.
ex: temp
set point and giv ex
the level that the controlled variable has to be set at.
ex: body temp is 98.6 F
5 steps for neg feedback
- stimulus causes change in the once maintained controlled variable
- receptor detects the change
- sent to afferent
- control center (brain) will send to efferent cell
- response to get back to homeostasis
define pos feedback and giv examples
reinforces the controlled variables ex: 1. one fruit ripens influences the other fruits that are ripening (hormone involved is ethylene) 2. oxytocin in contractions 3. digestion
regulator
- uses metabolic means to maintain homeostasis in response to environmental changes.
- It can control the value of a particular controlled variable.
can u be a regulator and conformer at the same time?
yes u can but not with the same control variable
conformer
-less control on metabolic minatenenace and depends on environment
Anadromous
migrate from salt to freshwater
catadromous
migrate from freshwater to marine water
osmoregulators
maintain constant internal salt balance when they move from one habitat to another.
osmoconformers
They have little or no ability to control their internal salt and water balance.
ex: starfish have same salinity as salt water so live in fresh water
eury-(parameter).
Organisms that tolerate a wide fluctuation of a given environmental parameter
ex: tolerate wide salinity
stenoparameter
think of steno as SHARP so cannot fluctuate too much
ex: tolerate narrow salinity
stenobathic
animals can tolerate a relatively narrow range of aquatic depth
eurytopic
able to live in wide environments (possum)
4 develpmental stages that occur regardless of external envoronment
- embryo
- juvenile
- reproductive
- seniscent adult (old)
microenvironment or microhabitat (house, burrow)
small but within a bigger one
— may be different from the larger one
the factors of microenvironment
light moisture temperature pH etc.
why is it important for microorganisms to increase diversity
A greater range of habitats for species with different environmental tolerance levels means more species in a given ecosystem.
peracute
extremely SHORT TERM sudden change in physiology due to environmental change but these things are always reversible
Acclimatization
TYPE OF CHRONIC CHANGE THAT CAN BE WEEK MONTH YEAR ECT!!
—- physiological, biochemical, or anatomical change that occurs within the lifetime of an individual organism resulting from chronic exposure to a naturally occurring environmental challenge.
Acclimation
chronic change THAT IS REVERSIBLE
— think of daughter of acclimatization so more control which means ITS MANIPULATED
