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bil 360 > lecture 10 nervous sys > Flashcards

lecture 10 nervous sys Flashcards

1
Q

define radiata

A

a major grouping that includes more or less radially symmetrical animals, as coelenterates (jellyfish, sea anemones, corals), ctenophores (comb jellies), and echinoderms (starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers)

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2
Q

what type of nervous sys does radiata have?

A

basic radially arranged network of nerves.

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3
Q

integration

A

receives input and decides what should be done about i

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4
Q

name 3 jobs of the central nervous system

A 
consists of brain and spinal cord 
receives and integrates sensory input from the PNS 
sends commands (based on PNS input) back to the PNS
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5
Q

peripheral nervous system divides

A

divides into the sensory and motor division

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6
Q

motor sys divides into the

A

somatic and autonomic

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7
Q

autonomic divides into the

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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8
Q

effector

A

an organ or cell that acts in response to a stimulus

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9
Q

name 3 effectors of the pns?

A

muscle cells
secretory cells
any organ that can respond to a neural signal

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10
Q

propogate

A

to transmit or spread from one generation to the next

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11
Q

dendrites

A

receive signal input from other neurons

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12
Q

soma

A

integrates synaptic potentials

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13
Q

axon (= nerve fiber)

A

conducts signal away from the soma

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14
Q

axon terminals

A

propagate the signal to the next neuron

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15
Q

afferent

A

sensory signals from receptors –> CNS

CNS integrative centers process the input.

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16
Q

efferent

A

control signals from the CNS –> effectors

Effectors (targets such as muscle or secretory cells) effect a response

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17
Q

interneurons

A

connect neuron to neuron within the CNS.

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18
Q

synapse

A

The space between the axon terminal of one neuron

and the dendrite of another

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19
Q

excitatory synapse

A

increases probability of propagation to a postsynaptic cell.

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20
Q

inhibitory synapse

A

decreases probability of propagation to a postsynaptic cell.

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21
Q

innervate

A

Neurons with synaptic terminals connected to a cell

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22
Q

glial cells

A

provide neurons with support and protection.

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23
Q

name the 4 roles of glial cells

A

surround neurons and hold them in place
supply neurons with nutrients and oxygen
insulate neurons from each other
destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons

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24
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

form myelin sheath for cns

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25
Q

astrocytes

A

form communication link between capillaries and neurons

26
Q

ependymal cells

A

ciliated; line ventricles of brain and spinal cord central canal

27
Q

microglia

A

macrophages that mediate CNS immune response

28
Q

name the 3 type of ganglias of somas that satellite cells wrap themselves around?

A

sensory
sympathetic
parasympathetic

29
Q

what does mylin really do?

A

forms an insulating sheath around nerve fibers
sheath increases speed of action potential transmission
composed of proteins and phospholipids

it prevents electrical signals that travel down the axons from decaying due to electrical current leaking out through the axon membrane

30
Q

invertebrates have myelin precursors but is it the same as the myelin of vertebrates?

A

no because the precursor does not spread long and last for up to 1 milisec while vertebrates have 20 to 100 milisec

31
Q

nerve

A

bundle of axons and their myelin sheaths in the PNS

32
Q

endoneutrium conn tiss

A

surrounds each axon/myelin sheath

33
Q

fasicle

A

Sheathed axons are bundled

34
Q

perineutrium con tiss

A

encases each fascicle.

35
Q

epineurium conn tiss

A

encases all the fascicles together.

36
Q

tracts

A

In the CNS, the structures analogous to fascicles

37
Q

ascending tracts

A

carry impulses along the spinal cord toward the brain.

38
Q

descending tracts

A

carry impulses from the brain (or higher spinal cord)

to lower spinal cord regions.

39
Q

ganglion

A
  • cluster of nerve cells OR nerve cell bodies occuring somewhere along a nerve. Ganglia
  • form communication connections between neurological structures.
  • may interconnect with each other to form a plexus
40
Q

dorsal root ganglia

A

(a.k.a. spinal ganglia) are made up of afferent neuron bodies.

41
Q

cranial root ganglia

A

are made up of cranial nerve neuron bodies.

42
Q

Autonomic ganglia

A

contain autonomic neuron bodies.

43
Q

Preganglionic nerve fiber

A

travels from the CNS to the ganglion
axons are myelinated
are less numerous than postganglionic fibers

44
Q

Postganglionic fibers

A

travel from the ganglion to the effector
axons are NOT myelinated
are more numerous than postganglionic fibers

45
Q

Ganglial autonomic neurons are

A

dendritic

46
Q

Ganglial sensory neurons are mostly

A

unipolar

47
Q

intracellular charge is decreased by

A

less k+ which leaves more proteins that have a neg charge

cl ions

48
Q

resting potential and charge

A

it is the unstimluation of a nerve cell
potassium pump but sodium pump is closed
about 70 mv

49
Q

equilibrium potential

A

the flow of potassium ions are equal inside and outside

creates a voltage

50
Q

as the electric gradient inceases

A

the chemical gradient will decre

51
Q

define action potential

A

is a momentary reversal of membrane potential

from its resting state.

52
Q

three typicals of action potential

A
  • causes internal charge to change from -70mV to ~ +40mV
  • lasts about one millisecond
  • ends when membrane potential is restored to its resting state
53
Q

what part of the action potential is always the same and what part of it always changes

A

the magnitude is always the same.

the frequency always changes and depends on how strong the stimuli is

54
Q

what is the threshold for the depolarization and what is the peak of the depolarization for an action potential that also resembles the absolute refractory period?

A 
threshold is (-) 55
depolarization peak is (+) 40
55
Q

value for hyperbolize

A

-75 mv

56
Q

the less sodium channels that are closing due to the relative refractory period,

A

the more strength is needed to get a depolarization for an action potential

57
Q

depolarization of voltage-gated channels along the length of the axon is what direction?

A

unidirectional

58
Q

relative refractory period (RRP)

A

After peak depolarization, K channels open,
allowing K+ to repolarize the cell.
This takes a few milliseconds to stabilize.

59
Q

define electronic conduction and what happens

A

Change in voltage decreases exponentially with distance from the point of stimulation.

This is known as electrotonic conduction
(= passive or decremental spread).

As current flows away from the point of stimulation,
some K+ leaks out of ion through channels, reducing voltage.

60
Q

length constant

A

distance at which the decaying voltage change is 37% of its value at the point of stimulus/origin.

61
Q

Three factors can increase conduction velocity:

A

increase in axon diameter
lower resistance
smaller length constant

myelination
prevents leakage at internode regions
sodium channels open at nodes, restoring lost potential

increase in temperature
higher temperatures increase molecular motion
but above 40o, there is the risk of ion channel denaturation
Homeothermy allows shorter axons with higher velocity conduction.

62
Q

ventral root

A

root is the efferent motor root of a spinal nerve.

bil 360 (11 decks)

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