Lecture 68 - Microbiome in Human Disease

Question 1

C. diff is a Gram ___ bacteria of the colon that produces two toxins: ___A and B that inactivate GTPases, killing enterocytes and forming a ______ (like C. diphteriae.)

Answer 1

Gram +

TcdA and TcdB

Pseudomembrane

Question 2

B. _______ accounts for about 80% of anaerobic infections of the GI. Keep in mind this is the same one that helps induce tolerance via production of _____.

Answer 2

B. fragilis

PSA

Question 3

________ spp., which are Gram - POINTY rods, and Treponema ______, which are spirochetes, are responsible for causing acute necrotizing ulcerating gingivitis (ANUG). Keep in mind these are ANAEROBES.

Answer 3

Fusobacterium spp.

Treponema denticola

Question 4

Patients with a mutation in _____2 (a pattern-recognition receptor) are predisposed to developing IBD.

Answer 4

NOD2

Question 5

Serotonin synthesis is facilitated by the enzyme ______ ______ 1 (TPH1). Expression of this enzyme is elevated by the bacterial metabolites of insoluble fiber. What do bacteria break down insoluble fiber into?

Answer 5

Tryptophan Hydroxylase 1 (TPH1)

SCFA (specifically acetate, propionate, and butyrate).

Question 6

Trimethylamine (TMA) is a product of bacterial metabolism of red meats, fish, and mushrooms. It is transported to the liver where it is converted to _____. This is causitively linked with increased incidence of Heart Attack in mouse models.

Answer 6

TMAO (trimethylamine oxide)