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Physio Exam 4 (Ana) > Lecture 61 > Flashcards

Lecture 61 Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: the rate of absorption of nutrients from the GIT IS constant

A

F

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2
Q

What does digestion rate depend on

A

The chemical composition of food (not on the animal’s nutrient needs”

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3
Q

What is need for basal metabolism or when metabolic needs are elevated

A

A steady supply of nutrients

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4
Q

What is involved in fuel homeostasis

A

Insulin-glucagon axis
Hypothalamic-pituitary axis
CNS

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5
Q

What is the Krebs cycle

A

A pathway through which all fuels are converted from acetyl Co-A into CO2, water, & ATP

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6
Q

What are the metabolic fuils & which is the basic metabolic fuel

A

Glucose
Amino acids
Fatty acids
Ketone bodies
Glucose is the basic metabolic fueil & is essential for CNS

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7
Q

How is glucose stored in the body

A

Stored as glycogen in the liver & skeletal muscle

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8
Q

Definition: “the synthesis of glycoen”

A

Glycogenesis

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9
Q

Definition: “the mobilization of glycogen”

A

Glycogenolysis

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10
Q

What does glycolysis do & what does it produce

A

Initiates the oxidation of glucose
1 glucose yields 2 pyruvates which can enter different pathways

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11
Q

What pathways can pyruvate enter

A

acetyl-CoA pathway (irreversible)
Oxaloacetat pathway (can flow in either direction & can create glucose throguh gluconeogenesis

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12
Q

Where does Gluconeogenesis occur

A

In the liver
A very small amount occurs in the kidneys

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13
Q

Definition: “breaking down glucose & oxidation for enrgy”

A

Glycolysis

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14
Q

Definition: Making new glucose

A

Gluconeogenesis

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15
Q

Definition: Making new glycogen for storage

A

Glycogenesis

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16
Q

Definition: breaking down glycogen for mobilizaiton

A

Glycogenolysis

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17
Q

What are the characteristic of amino acids

A

Stored as proteins in skeletal muscle
Are building blocks for proteins
Are substrates for gluconeogenesis (glucogenic amino acids make glucose)

18
Q

What are characteristics of fatty acids

A

Stored in adipose tissue as TG
Concentrated energy (mostly made of carbon & hydrogen)
not soluble in water (need special transport)
Can’t be converted to ketone bodies

19
Q

What are characteristics of Keton bodies

A

Derived from fat
Are water soluble
Can cross the BBB
Can provide energy to the brain during dietary energy deprivation
Formed in the liver of monogastrics & in the rumen epithelium as a product of normal digestion in ruminants
Is an important fuel
Can indicate something is abnormal if levels are elevated

20
Q

When does insulin secretion start & why

A

When a meal is ingested
To ensure tissues are primed for the arrival of glucose

21
Q

T/F: Insulin IS NOT necessary for the liver to take up glucose but is needed to promote pathways that synthesize glycogen

A

T

22
Q

What happens to glucose when it enters the body

A

All glucose travels to the liver first via the portal vein
The liver takes up a large portion of glucose & stores it as glycogen (done through glycogenesis) to ensure that energy is available btw/ mels & keeps blood glucose from getting to high

23
Q

How is glucose converted to fatty acids

A

Glycolysis takes glucose & produces two pyruvate molecules (acetyl CoA)
acetyl CoA can go into the krebs cycle & make enrgy but in the absorptive phase there is no need for the additional energy so it is stores
If the two pyruvat generates Acetyl-CoA + oxaloacetae then citrates is produced
Citrate will then leave the mitochondria & contribute 2 carbons to FA synthesis where it is then stores as TG

24
Q

T/F: Glucose to FA conversion is REVERSIBLE

A

F

25
Q

T/F: VLDLs (very low density lipoproteins) ARE very similar to chylomicrons but are smaller

A

T

26
Q

What happens after the liver form TG-rich serum lipoproteins during FA transport

A

TGs are wrapped in phospholipids, cholesterol, & proteins
They are then transferred from chylomicrons & VLDLs to adipose tissue via lipoproteins lipase

27
Q

what is lipoproteins lipase

A

An enzyme on the endolthelial cells of capillaries that releases FA
Are activated by insulin

28
Q

Why is glucose taken up by adipose & converted to FA

A

For storage

29
Q

What is different about the profile of amino acids in the portal vein vs their profile in the diet

A

Glutamate & aspartate are removed by enterocytes
Glutamat & alpha-ketoglutarate are analogues
Alanine & pyruvate are analogues

30
Q

What does it mean by analogues when talking about amino acids or carbs

A

The carbs &/or amino acids are differing by an amino-group or keto-oxygen
They are readily converted back & forth from eachother

31
Q

What is meant by amino acids are glucogenic or ketogenic

A

Glucogenic - can be converted into glucose via gluconeogenesis
Ketogenic - can be converted into ketone bodies

32
Q

In dogs abot ___% of the amino acids that reach the liver pass into general circulation

A

0.23

33
Q

What does the liver do to amino acids

A

Modifies the Amino acids that go into general circulation based on the body’s needs

34
Q

What proteins are synthesized in the liver

A

Most serum proteins like albumin & blood clotting factors

35
Q

T/F: Most of the amino acids arriving in the portal blood ARE deaminated in the liver & enter carbohydrate metabolism

A

T

36
Q

What can happen to amino acids when they enter carbohydrate metabolism

A

Metabolized for energy
converted to glucose or glycogen
shunted to fatty acids synthesis

37
Q

T/F: True carnivors like cats eat little to no carbohydrates so they MUST synthesize glucos from amino acids & create glucogenic amino acids

A

T

38
Q

What is different about amino acid utilization in ruminants

A

Fermintation produces VFA (acetate, propionate, & butyrate)
They use propionate to synthesize glucos (so have constant gluconeogensis)

39
Q

What happens to amino acids not removed by the liver

A

They supply the periphery

40
Q

What type of amino acids are not removed by the liver & go directly to the periphery

A

Essential amino acids

41
Q

T/F: Non-essential aminos acids can NOT be synthesized in protein producing tissues like muscle

A

F

42
Q

What does hepatic metabolism result in

A

The removal of glucose & amino acids
Synthesis of protein & fat in the absorptive phase
A net increas in protein synthesis by skeletal muscle b/c in the absorptive phase the amino acid pool is large which cause protein synthesis to dominant & create amino acids for storage

Physio Exam 4 (Ana) (14 decks)

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