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Physio Exam 4 (Ana) > Lecture 59 > Flashcards

Lecture 59 Flashcards

1
Q

What lipids are found in the diet

A

Triglycerides
Cholesterol
Phospholipids

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2
Q

What makes up a triglyceride

A

glycerol + 3 fatty acids

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3
Q

How are lipids provided in a diet

A

Through oils & animal fats

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4
Q

T/F: Lipids MUST be solubilized in the SI for digestion & absorption

A

T

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5
Q

What does the stomach do to start the digestion process of lipids

A

Churns & mixes lipids to initiate enzymatic digestion & break lipids into small droplets to increase SA

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6
Q

What enzyme: hydrolyzes ~10% of ingested TAG & generates glycerol + FFAs

A

Gastric lipase

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7
Q

Why does the stomach slowly empty the chyme into the SI

A

To allow plenty of time for the pancreatic lipase to digest lipids

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8
Q

What are two steps that need to occur in the stomach for digestion of lipids

A

Bile salts emulsify the lipids & surround the small lipid droplets to increase SA
Pancreatic enzymes (like lipase w/ colipase, just colipase, cholesterol ester hydrolase, & phospholipase A2) digest different lipids

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9
Q

What does Lipase + colipase do

A

They bind together so that lipase can digest lipids @ the lipid water inerface
This results in a monoglyceride & 2 Fas

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10
Q

What does cholesterol ester hydrolase do

A

Hydrolyzes cholesterol ester
Generates free cholesterol + FA & releases glycerol from triglycerides

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11
Q

What dose Phospholipase A2 do & what is it activated by

A

Activated by trypsin
Hydrolyzes phospholipids & generates lysolecithin + FA

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12
Q

After lipids have been digested in the SI what must they be solubilized in

A

Micelles cells (by using bile salts) for absorption

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13
Q

What are the steps of absorption of lipids

A

Bile salts solubilize products within the SI lumen as micelles cells (where the cone contains the products) except for w/ glycerol
Micelles diffuse to the brush border membrane of the enterocyte where products diffuse into the cell (bile salts DO NOT diffuse into the enterocyte)
Products are then re-esterified inside the enterocyte to form the original compounds
Re-esterified lipids are packaged with apoproteins to form chylomicronsThe chylomicrons are then packed in secretory vesicles & exocytosed across the basolateral membrane into the lymphatic kcapillaries

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14
Q

Definition: “Has a colesterol & TG cone w/ phospholipids & apoproteins around the outside”

A

Chylomicrons

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15
Q

Why are apoproteins added to the outside the outside of re-esterfied lipids

A

For transport/reabsorption & so the lipi can “move around”

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16
Q

Why do chylomicrons go into lymphatic capillaries and not vascular capillaries

A

They are too big for vascular capillaries

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17
Q

How do chylomicrons enter the blood

A

through the thoracic duct

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18
Q

T/F: There has to be a problem @ a SPECIFIC STEP for steatorrhea to occur

A

F

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19
Q

What causes pancreatic insufficiency (chronic pancreatitis)

A

Inadequate pancreatics enzymes so TGs are not digested

20
Q

What happens if chyme is not neutralized in the SI

A

Pancreatic enzymes are inactivated (b/c there needs to be a pH of ~ 6 for lipase) & there will be excessive H+ ion secretion which can cause tumors b/c the pancreas is not secreting enough bicarb

21
Q

What happens if there is a deficiency of bile salts (like in an ileal resection)

A

There will be little to no micelle formation & bile salt recycling will be limited

22
Q

What does bacteria do to biles salts

A

It removes glycine & taurine from bile salts

23
Q

What happens if there is an over growth of aminos accids

A

When glycine & taurine are removed they become bile acids again so they will be readily absorbed via diffusion into enterocytes & not function properly

24
Q

What happens if there is a decrease in intestinal cells for absorption

A

There is less surface area for absorption of lipid products

25
Q

What does a lack of Ape B (apoproteins) cause

A

abetalipoproteinemia

26
Q

Name the disease: “chylomicrons don’t form or are not transported so there is only partial absorption of lipids”

A

abetalipoproteinemia

27
Q

______ absorption needs coenzymes or cofactors for metaboli reactions

A

Vitamin absorption

28
Q

How are Fat soluble vitamins absorbed & transported

A

They are incorported into micells within the SI lumen for absorption
They are incorporated into chylomicrons for transport

29
Q

How are water soluble vitamins absorbed

A

Absorbed via Na+/dependent cotransport in the SI

30
Q

Which water soluble vitamin is not absorbed via Na+/dependent cotransport

A

B12

31
Q

What does B12 requare for absorption

A

Intrinsic factor

32
Q

List the steps of B12 absorption

A

B12 is released from food by pepsin
It then binds to R proteins (made from salivary secretions)
Proteases in the SI degrade the R proteins & releases B12
B12 then binds to intrinsic Factor & creates a B12/IF complex where it then travels to the ileum for absorption

33
Q

What happens if a person or animal has a gasterectomy or ileal resection

A

They can have a loss in production of intrinsic factors which can lead to perricious anemia

34
Q

What is needed to absorb Ca into the SI

A

Active vitamin D

35
Q

When is calcium absorbed through active transport & what are the main points on how active transport works

A

When on a low Ca diet
Uses calbindin within the cell to transport Ca to the basolateral membrane
Need vitamin D to stimulate the production of calbindin

36
Q

When is calcium absorbed through passive transport & what are the main points on how active transport works

A

With high Ca diets
Diffuses across the membrane by using a paracellular route (goes in btw/ cells)

37
Q

How is Vitamin D activated

A

Dietary vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is converted to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in the liver
Which is then converted to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in the kidney

38
Q

What does active vitamin D do

A

Promotes the synthesis of calbindin D-28 K for active transport of Ca

39
Q

What does a lac of active vitamin D or Ca cause

A

Rickets
Osteomalacia

40
Q

What is hemeiron

A

Iron bound to hemoglobine or myoglobin

41
Q

What type of iron can be used for iron absorption

A

Free Iron
Heme iron

42
Q

What transporter is in the luminal membrane for iron absorption

A

DMT-1

43
Q

What happens to heme iron when it goes into enterocytes

A

It is digested into free iron by lysosomal enzymes

44
Q

What happens to free iron once inside the enterocyte

A

Free iron binds to apoferritin for transport into the blood via ferroportion
Once in the blood it will then bind to transferrin in plasma

45
Q

How is iron transported and stored

A

Transported - bound to transferrin
Stored - as ferritin

Physio Exam 4 (Ana) (14 decks)

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