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Human Physiology > Lecture 6: The Respiratory System > Flashcards

Lecture 6: The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the respiratory system?

A

exchange of oxygen

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2
Q

Too much CO2 causes blood to become___

A

acidic

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3
Q

what are the 4 processes involved in respiration?

A

1- Pulmonary ventilation
(movement of air into lungs)
2- External respiration
(exchange of O2/CO2 between lungs and blood
3- Transport of O2 and CO2 in the blood
(hemoglobin and bicarbonate)
4- Internal respiration
(exchange of O2/CO2 between blood and tissues)

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4
Q

respiratory epithelium is____

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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5
Q

what do the epithelium do?

A

1- cilia and mucus trap dust pollen and other particles
2- beating cilia move mucus towards the pharynx to be swallowed

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6
Q

Air enters the ____ through the ____

A

nasal cavity, nostrils

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7
Q

what happens when air passes in the nasal cavity?

A

filtered by hairs, warmed, humidified and sampled for odors

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8
Q

what connects the nasal cavity to the larynx?

A

the pharynx

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9
Q

The larynx is composed of what (3)?

A

1- epiglottis
2- vocal fold
3- thyroid cartilage

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10
Q

What is the trachea?

A

10-12 cm long windpipe reinforced with C-shaped of hyaline cartilage

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11
Q

trachea branches into 2 primary bronchi:

A

secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles (the smallest conducting passageway)

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12
Q

what consists the lungs?

A

1- bronchi and bronchioles
2- alveoli
(form the bulk of the lungs)
3- elastic connective tissue
(Makes lungs soft and spongy and allows them to expand)

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13
Q

what lines the alveoli?

A

simple squamous epithelium

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14
Q

what is the visceral pleura?

A

covers the lungs

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15
Q

what is parietal pleura?

A

attached to the chest wall

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16
Q

what is pleural cavity?

A

the space between the visceral and parietal pleura that is filled with serous fluid ( allows lungs to expand without friction)

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17
Q

Why is there serous fluid in the pleural cavity, between the visceral and parietal pleura?

A

To create a tight bond between the two pleura. Acts as a suction cup so that these two fluids stick together. When the parietal pleura moves= visceral pleura moves with the lungs

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18
Q

where do we find the serous fluid?

A

in the pleural cavity.

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19
Q

True or False: pleural layers cannot slide past each other easily and they cannot be pulled apart.

A

False, pleural layers can slide past each other easily.

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20
Q

What are alveoli?

A

a site of gas exchange.

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21
Q

Why do alveoli must be moist?

A

to make diffusion more efficient ( helps dissolve CO2).

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22
Q

What are alveoli surrounded by?

A

a dense network of pulmonary capillaries to form the respiratory surface

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23
Q

alveolar wall + fused basal lamina+ capillary wall = ?

A

respiratory membrane ( external respiration)

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24
Q

how does gas exchange occur?

A

through simple diffusion

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25
scattered cuboidal cells produce what?
surfactant
26
what does external respiration involve?
alveoli and capillaries
27
how does external respiration work?
CO2 diffuses into alveoli then O2 diffuses into pulmonary capillaries
28
what does internal respiration involve?
systemic capillaries and tissues
29
how does internal respiration work?
CO2 diffuses into systemic capillaries then O2 diffuses into tissues.
30
How do humans ventilate?
by negative pressure breathing (pulling air into lungs by lowering down the pressure in our lungs)
31
By contracting the skeletal muscles, the diaphragm and rib cage...
diaphragm moves down and rib cage goes up and out to increase volume of the thoracic cavity.
32
Why does air enter the lungs when the thoracic cavity expands?
pressure inside lungs decreases and it's less than atmospheric pressure ( so the air moves in)
33
True or False: If thoracic cavity expands, lungs remain the same.
False, it expand with it.
34
What happens during inspiration?
external intercostal muscles contract and pull the ribs upwards and the sternum outward. Diaphragm contracts and moves downwards: - the volume of thoracic cavity increases and lungs expand -air pressure in alveoli becomes lower than atmospheric pressure so air moves in.
35
What happens during expiration?
external intercostal muscles relax and the ribs moves back downwards and the sternum inward. Diaphragm relaxes and moves back upwards: - the volume of thoracic cavity increases and lungs passively recoil -air pressure in alveoli becomes higher than atmospheric pressure so air moves out.
36
what happens to your muscles during vigorous exercise?
muscles in neck, back, and chest contract to raise the rib cage even more and increase ventilation volume.
37
what happens during forced expiration?
internal intercostal muscles contract pulling ribcage inwards abdominal muscles contract to push up on diaphragm
38
What does surfactant do?
they makes it much easier for the alveoli to stay open and expand during inspiration (breaks/reduces surface tension of the fluid in the alveoli and water molecules apart)
39
when does fetuses begin to produce surfactant?
at 24 to 28 weeks
40
what problems could be faced by a baby born prematurely?
can't breath on their own
41
what is collapsed lungs?
when the bond between the parietal and visceral pleura is disrupted and the lungs will no longer expand during inspiration.
42
what is the cause of collapsed lungs?
by air or fluid entering the pleural cavity.
43
during exercise, how much O2 does a person consumes? how much at a normal body?
2L of O2 per minute during exercise and 4.5 mL of O2 at normal.
44
what mostly carries the O2 in our blood?
by respiratory pigment hemoglobin
45
What is dead space?
Volume of air that remains in passageways (150ml) that do not contribute to gas exchange
46
What are the three pulmonary function tests
1-forced vital capacity FVC 2- forced expiratory volume FEV 3- minute ventilation
47
during exercise, how much O2 does a person consumes in comparison to a normal body?
exercise: 2L of O2 normal: 4.5ml of O2
48
how much does hemoglobin increase the amount of O2 in blood?
to 200ml per L
49
what does hemoglobin bind?
oxygen and nitric oxide
50
what does NO causes?
it causes vasodilation which relaxes capillary walls to help delivery of O2 in cells
51
what are erythrocytes?
"bags of hemoglobin"
52
when are hemoglobin synthesized?
when cells are developing in the bone marrow
53
hemoglobin binds O2 reversibly and cooperatively. How does this affect gas exchange? | better to check slide
-O2 binds more readily to Hb in the lungs -O2 is released from Hb more readily in the tissues.
54
what is the relationship between O2 unloading and pressure of O2?
the more O2 will be unloaded to tissues with low PO2 ( very active) less O2 will be unloaded to tissues that have higher PO2
55
What are the two conditions that affect hemoglobin? How do they affect?
1-Temperature the higher the temp. the lower the affinity 2- pH the lower the pH, the lower the affinity (Bohr Effect)
56
CO2 is primarily transported as _____ dissolved in blood plasma.
bicarbonate ions (70%)
57
CO2 reacts with water to form what and by what are they catalyzed ?
to form carbonic acid, catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase
58
how do we control our breathing?
-voluntary limited respiratory centers in brain will ignore brain messages if O2 levels are too low or if pH levels are too low/high -involuntary coordinated with cardio system and body's metabolic demands for gas exchange medulla/ pons regulate the rate and depth of breathing
59
what does the medulla oblongata do?
sets the basic breathing rhythm by sending signals to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to contract
60
what does pons do?
they help smooth out the rhythm set by the medulla
61
what are the stimuli of involuntary control of respiration?
1-change in blood pH 2-low O2 levels 3-stretching of alveoli
62
what are the receptors of involuntary control of respiration?
1-pH sensors in medulla 2-O2 levels sensors in aorta and in carotid arteries in neck 3- stretch receptors in the lungs
63
what are the effectors of involuntary control of respiration?
diaphragm and intercostal muscles
64
which stimulus is the most important for breathing?
change in blood pH

Human Physiology (9 decks)

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