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Human Physiology > Lecture 6: The Respiratory System > Flashcards

Lecture 6: The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the respiratory system?

A

exchange of oxygen

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2
Q

Too much CO2 causes blood to become___

A

acidic

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3
Q

what are the 4 processes involved in respiration?

A

1- Pulmonary ventilation
(movement of air into lungs)
2- External respiration
(exchange of O2/CO2 between lungs and blood
3- Transport of O2 and CO2 in the blood
(hemoglobin and bicarbonate)
4- Internal respiration
(exchange of O2/CO2 between blood and tissues)

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4
Q

respiratory epithelium is____

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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5
Q

what do the epithelium do?

A

1- cilia and mucus trap dust pollen and other particles
2- beating cilia move mucus towards the pharynx to be swallowed

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6
Q

Air enters the ____ through the ____

A

nasal cavity, nostrils

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7
Q

what happens when air passes in the nasal cavity?

A

filtered by hairs, warmed, humidified and sampled for odors

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8
Q

what connects the nasal cavity to the larynx?

A

the pharynx

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9
Q

The larynx is composed of what (3)?

A

1- epiglottis
2- vocal fold
3- thyroid cartilage

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10
Q

What is the trachea?

A

10-12 cm long windpipe reinforced with C-shaped of hyaline cartilage

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11
Q

trachea branches into 2 primary bronchi:

A

secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles (the smallest conducting passageway)

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12
Q

what consists the lungs?

A

1- bronchi and bronchioles
2- alveoli
(form the bulk of the lungs)
3- elastic connective tissue
(Makes lungs soft and spongy and allows them to expand)

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13
Q

what lines the alveoli?

A

simple squamous epithelium

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14
Q

what is the visceral pleura?

A

covers the lungs

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15
Q

what is parietal pleura?

A

attached to the chest wall

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16
Q

what is pleural cavity?

A

the space between the visceral and parietal pleura that is filled with serous fluid ( allows lungs to expand without friction)

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17
Q

Why is there serous fluid in the pleural cavity, between the visceral and parietal pleura?

A

To create a tight bond between the two pleura. Acts as a suction cup so that these two fluids stick together. When the parietal pleura moves= visceral pleura moves with the lungs

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18
Q

where do we find the serous fluid?

A

in the pleural cavity.

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19
Q

True or False: pleural layers cannot slide past each other easily and they cannot be pulled apart.

A

False, pleural layers can slide past each other easily.

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20
Q

What are alveoli?

A

a site of gas exchange.

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21
Q

Why do alveoli must be moist?

A

to make diffusion more efficient ( helps dissolve CO2).

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22
Q

What are alveoli surrounded by?

A

a dense network of pulmonary capillaries to form the respiratory surface

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23
Q

alveolar wall + fused basal lamina+ capillary wall = ?

A

respiratory membrane ( external respiration)

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24
Q

how does gas exchange occur?

A

through simple diffusion

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25
Q

scattered cuboidal cells produce what?

A

surfactant

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26
Q

what does external respiration involve?

A

alveoli and capillaries

27
Q

how does external respiration work?

A

CO2 diffuses into alveoli then
O2 diffuses into pulmonary capillaries

28
Q

what does internal respiration involve?

A

systemic capillaries and tissues

29
Q

how does internal respiration work?

A

CO2 diffuses into systemic capillaries then
O2 diffuses into tissues.

30
Q

How do humans ventilate?

A

by negative pressure breathing (pulling air into lungs by lowering down the pressure in our lungs)

31
Q

By contracting the skeletal muscles, the diaphragm and rib cage…

A

diaphragm moves down and rib cage goes up and out to increase volume of the thoracic cavity.

32
Q

Why does air enter the lungs when the thoracic cavity expands?

A

pressure inside lungs decreases and it’s less than atmospheric pressure ( so the air moves in)

33
Q

True or False: If thoracic cavity expands, lungs remain the same.

A

False, it expand with it.

34
Q

What happens during inspiration?

A

external intercostal muscles contract and pull the ribs upwards and the sternum outward.
Diaphragm contracts and moves downwards:
- the volume of thoracic cavity increases and lungs expand
-air pressure in alveoli becomes lower than atmospheric pressure so air moves in.

35
Q

What happens during expiration?

A

external intercostal muscles relax and the ribs moves back downwards and the sternum inward.
Diaphragm relaxes and moves back upwards:
- the volume of thoracic cavity increases and lungs passively recoil
-air pressure in alveoli becomes higher than atmospheric pressure so air moves out.

36
Q

what happens to your muscles during vigorous exercise?

A

muscles in neck, back, and chest contract to raise the rib cage even more and increase ventilation volume.

37
Q

what happens during forced expiration?

A

internal intercostal muscles contract pulling ribcage inwards
abdominal muscles contract to push up on diaphragm

38
Q

What does surfactant do?

A

they makes it much easier for the alveoli to stay open and expand during inspiration (breaks/reduces surface tension of the fluid in the alveoli and water molecules apart)

39
Q

when does fetuses begin to produce surfactant?

A

at 24 to 28 weeks

40
Q

what problems could be faced by a baby born prematurely?

A

can’t breath on their own

41
Q

what is collapsed lungs?

A

when the bond between the parietal and visceral pleura is disrupted and the lungs will no longer expand during inspiration.

42
Q

what is the cause of collapsed lungs?

A

by air or fluid entering the pleural cavity.

43
Q

during exercise, how much O2 does a person consumes? how much at a normal body?

A

2L of O2 per minute during exercise and 4.5 mL of O2 at normal.

44
Q

what mostly carries the O2 in our blood?

A

by respiratory pigment hemoglobin

45
Q

What is dead space?

A

Volume of air that remains in passageways (150ml) that do not contribute to gas exchange

46
Q

What are the three pulmonary function tests

A

1-forced vital capacity FVC
2- forced expiratory volume FEV
3- minute ventilation

47
Q

during exercise, how much O2 does a person consumes in comparison to a normal body?

A

exercise: 2L of O2
normal: 4.5ml of O2

48
Q

how much does hemoglobin increase the amount of O2 in blood?

A

to 200ml per L

49
Q

what does hemoglobin bind?

A

oxygen and nitric oxide

50
Q

what does NO causes?

A

it causes vasodilation which relaxes capillary walls to help delivery of O2 in cells

51
Q

what are erythrocytes?

A

“bags of hemoglobin”

52
Q

when are hemoglobin synthesized?

A

when cells are developing in the bone marrow

53
Q

hemoglobin binds O2 reversibly and cooperatively. How does this affect gas exchange?

better to check slide

A

-O2 binds more readily to Hb in the lungs
-O2 is released from Hb more readily in the tissues.

54
Q

what is the relationship between O2 unloading and pressure of O2?

A

the more O2 will be unloaded to tissues with low PO2 ( very active)
less O2 will be unloaded to tissues that have higher PO2

55
Q

What are the two conditions that affect hemoglobin? How do they affect?

A

1-Temperature
the higher the temp. the lower the affinity
2- pH
the lower the pH, the lower the affinity (Bohr Effect)

56
Q

CO2 is primarily transported as _____ dissolved in blood plasma.

A

bicarbonate ions (70%)

57
Q

CO2 reacts with water to form what and by what are they catalyzed ?

A

to form carbonic acid, catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase

58
Q

how do we control our breathing?

A

-voluntary
limited
respiratory centers in brain will ignore brain messages if O2 levels are too low or if pH levels are too low/high
-involuntary
coordinated with cardio system and body’s metabolic demands for gas exchange
medulla/ pons regulate the rate and depth of breathing

59
Q

what does the medulla oblongata do?

A

sets the basic breathing rhythm by sending signals to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to contract

60
Q

what does pons do?

A

they help smooth out the rhythm set by the medulla

61
Q

what are the stimuli of involuntary control of respiration?

A

1-change in blood pH
2-low O2 levels
3-stretching of alveoli

62
Q

what are the receptors of involuntary control of respiration?

A

1-pH sensors in medulla
2-O2 levels sensors in aorta and in carotid arteries in neck
3- stretch receptors in the lungs

63
Q

what are the effectors of involuntary control of respiration?

A

diaphragm and intercostal muscles

64
Q

which stimulus is the most important for breathing?

A

change in blood pH

Human Physiology (9 decks)

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