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Human Physiology > Lecture 2: tissues > Flashcards

Lecture 2: tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What are tissues?

A

Groups of cells with a common structure and function

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2
Q

What are the four main categories of tissues?

A

1-Nervous
2-Muscle
3-Epithelial
4-Connective

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3
Q

What do all categories of tissue share?

A

share the function of movement

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4
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

A

Forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters.

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5
Q

Where can you find epithelial tissues?

A

Everywhere
1-Lining of hollow organs
2-Covering of skin surface
3- Glandular/secretory tissue

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6
Q

What are the three cell shape and two cell layers of epithelial tissue?

A

1-squamous
2-cuboidal
3-columnar
1-simple
2-stratified

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7
Q

What are the eight types of epithelial tissue?

A

1- simple squamous
2-simple cuboidal
3-simple columnar
4-pseudostratified ciliated columnar
5-stratified squamous
6-stratified cuboidal
7-stratified columnar
8-transitional columnar

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8
Q

What are the structure, function, location of simple squamous epithelium?

A

structure: Single layer of flattened cells (cytoplasm is sparse)
function: rapid diffusion+filtration (exchange) in places where protection is not important
location: kidney glomeruli, lung alveoli, capillaries

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9
Q

What are the structure, function, location of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

structure: Single layer of cuboidal cells
function: secretion+ absorption
location: ducts of glands, kidney tubules

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10
Q

What are the structure, function, location of simple columnar epithelium?

A

structure: Single layer of tall, closely packed cells
functions: secretion of enzymes, mucus (goblet cells) + absorption (microvilli)
location: digestive tract, gallbladder, gland ducts, bronchi, uterine tubes

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11
Q

What are the structure, function, location of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?

A

structure: Single layer of cells that vary in height: often ciliated
function: secretion of mucus (goblet cells); the cilia beat to move the mucus
location: upper respiratory tract, duct glands, tubules in testes

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12
Q

What are the structure, function, location of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

structure: apical layer is squamous (lower layers are columnar or cuboidal)
function: protect against wear and tear ( area with friction)
location: skin, mouth, esophagus (keratinized cells on skin surface and non-keratinized in moist areas)

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13
Q

What are the structure, function, location of stratified cuboidal or columnar epithelium?

A

cuboidal structure: two layers of cuboidal cells
columnar structure: surface cells are columnar; underneath, cells vary in size and shape
location: ducts of large glands
ex: sweat glands
function: protection

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14
Q

What are the structure, function, location of transitional epithelium?

A

structure: multiple layers of cells; cells depend on stretching
function: can stretch+ return to original shape
location: lining urinary system organs

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15
Q

True or False: Stratified layers can absorb ( more than one layer)

A

False

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16
Q

True or False: Basal cells are actively undergoing mitosis.

A

True

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17
Q

Functions of connective tissue?

A

Supports/ gives structure, protects, binds/ glues, acts as a filler, energy storage, transporting sustance

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18
Q

Types of fibers

A

1-collagenous fibers
2- Elastic fibers
3- Reticular fibers

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19
Q

What is the structure of connective tissue ? ( general)

A

cells surrounded by ECM ( extracellular matrix)

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20
Q

What are the 6 types of connective tissue? hard to softest

A

1-Bone (mineralized)
2-Cartilage
3-Dense connective tissue
4- Loose connective tissue (areolar)
5-Adipose tissue
6- Blood (and lymph)

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21
Q

Which type of connective tissue proper contain fibroblasts?

A

Dense and loose connective tissue

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22
Q

What is the function of Bone (osseous tissue)?

A

support and protection

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23
Q

What is the composition of ECM in osseous tissue? (2)

A

hydroxyapatite ( calcium+ phosphorous makes bone hard)
collagen fibers (make bone flexible)

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24
Q

What type of cells are found in bones/ osseous tissue? What does it do? (2)

A

1- osteoblasts ( make collagen for ECM)
2-osteocytes (maintain bone, sit in cavities called lacunae)

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25
Q

What is compact bone tissue that consists of repeating units called?

A

osteons

26
Q

What is the function of cartilage?

A

strong and flexible support material

27
Q

What is the composition of ECM in cartilage?

A

1-Chondroitin sulphate ( combined with 80% water, rubbery matrix that is strong)
2- Collagen fibers (gives flexibility)

28
Q

What type of cells are found in cartilage? What does it do?

A

Chondrocytes ( make collagen for ECM, sits in cavities called lacunae)

29
Q

Where would you find cartilage in the body?

A

joints,nose, ears, end of rib cage

30
Q

Where would you find hyaline cartilage?

A

rib cage, larynx, fetal skeleton, epiphyseal plates, trachea

31
Q

True or False: hyaline cartilage is the least abundant cartilage.

A

False, it is the most

32
Q

where can you find elastic cartilage?

A

ear and epiglottis

33
Q

why is elastic cartilage elastic?

A

due to elastic fibers

34
Q

Which cartilage is highly compressible?

A

Fibrocartilage

35
Q

Where do you find fibrocartilage?

A

In intervertebral discs

36
Q

What are the functions of dense connective tissue?

A

Attachment (bone to bone, muscle to bone), strengthen skin

37
Q

What is the composition of ECM in dense connective tissue? + function?

A

Collagen fibers (closely packed to provide structure/ strength)

38
Q

What type of cells are in dense connective tissue?+ function?

A

Fibroblasts ( make collagen for ECM)

39
Q

What is the function of areolar connective tissue?

(airplane)

A

“packing material” that glues together organs; soaks up excess fluid (edema)

40
Q

What is the composition of ECM in areolar connective tissue?

A

collagen fibers, elastic fibers, reticular fibers

41
Q

What type of cells we find in areolar connective tissue?+ functions

A

Fibroblasts (Make collagen for ECM)
Macrophages (white blood cells that phagocytize dead cells and bacteria

42
Q

What are the functions of adipose tissue (fat) ?

A

padding and insulating organs and fuel storage

43
Q

What is the composition of ECM in adipose tissue?

A

collagen fibers, elastic fibers, reticular fibers

44
Q

what type of cells are in adipose tissue?+functions

A

Adipocytes (contains a large fat droplet that swells when fat is stored and shrinks when the body uses fat for fuel.

45
Q

What does blood do?

A

transport substance throughout the body.

46
Q

What is the composition of ECM in blood?

A

Plasma ( water with dissolved salts and proteins)

47
Q

what type of cells are in blood? + functions

A

erythrocytes (red blood cells, contain hemoglobin and carry oxygen)
leukocytes ( white blood cells, function in the immune system)
platelets (cell fragments, function in blood clotting)

48
Q

muscle is composed of long cells called?

A

muscle fibers that are capable of contracting to produce movement

49
Q

muscle cells contain what? and what are they?

A

myofibrils which are elongated contractile threads

50
Q

myofibrils are made of what?

A

actin and myosin

51
Q

true or false: the three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, nervous and smooth.

A

False, skeletal (voluntary), smooth (involuntary) and cardiac (involuntary)

52
Q

What are the important characteristics of skeletal muscle?

A

striated, multinuclear cells

53
Q

which muscle tissue is striated, branched

A

cardiac muscle

54
Q

In cardiac muscle, the cells are connected by_____ which relay signals between cells during a heartbeat.

A

intercalated discs

55
Q

where can we find cardiac muscle?

A

forms contractile wall of heart

56
Q

Where can we find smooth muscle?

A

found in walls of hollow organs ( digestive, urinary…)

57
Q

what are the characteristics of smooth muscle?

A

not striated, spindle-shaped cells with single nucleus.

58
Q

What are the functions of nervous tissue?

A

Senses stimuli and transmits signals from one part of the animal to another

59
Q

What compose nervous tissue?

A

neurons and supporting cells called neuroglia

60
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

transmit nerve impulses towards the cell body

61
Q

What do axons do?

A

transmit nerve impulses away from the cell body, towards another neuron or an effector

62
Q

which types of cells sit in lacunae cavities?

A

chondrocytes and osteocytes

Human Physiology (9 decks)

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