Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Physiology > Lecture 5: The Circulatory System > Flashcards

Lecture 5: The Circulatory System Flashcards

Better to check the notes.

1
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

The heart pumps blood through blood vessels to all parts of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

More specifically, the functions of the heart does two things:

A

1-delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues
2- Remove carbon dioxide CO2 and other waste products from cells and tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What composes the heart wall ?

A

myocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is myocardium?

A

a layer of cardiac muscle forming the heart wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of muscle is the myocardium?

A

Cardiac muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why is the myocardium of the left ventricle so much thicker than that of the right ventricle?

A

It has to pump blood to your entire systemic circuit. So there’s enough force and pressure to send blood throughout your entire body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Is deoxygenated blood actually blue?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Specialized cardiac muscle cells are part of which system of the heart?

A

intrinsic conduction system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does self-excitable mean?

A

Can contract without signals from the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what do veins do?

A

They carry blood towards heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what do arteries do?

A

They carry blood away from heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which parts of the heart are veins?

A

-Superior vena cava
-inferior vena cava
-pulmonary veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which parts of the heart are arteries?

A

-pulmonary trunk
-aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of atrioventricular valves?

A

To prevent blood flow from ventricle to atrium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of chordae tendinaea ( heart strings)?

A

help flaps to anchor themselves and remain closed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of semilunar valves?

A

To prevent blood flow from arteries (aorta and pulmonary trunks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What makes the sound of your heartbeat?

A

the blood hitting against your valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What’s the name of the right atrioventricular valve?

A

tricuspid valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What’s the name of the left atrioventricular valve?

A

bicuspid valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Do av valve close or open when ventricles contract and relax?

A

they close when ventricles contract and open when ventricles relax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where do we find or what are the two types of semilunar valves?

A

pulmonary and aortic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Do semilunar valves close or open when ventricles contract and relax?

A

opposite of av valves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what do av valves prevent?

A

the flow of blood from ventricle to atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what do semilunar valves prevent?

A

the flow of blood from arteries (pulmonary trunk and aorta) to ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The heart is acting as two individual pumps: name them.

A

pulmonary (poumon) and systemic (système) circuit pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

True or False: Pulmonary and systemic circuits pump at alternate times.

A

False, they pump at the same time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

True or False: The blood flows through the pulmonary and not the systemic circuit with every heart beat.

A

False, pulmonary and systemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is right heart failure called? What is it?

A

peripheral congestion, fluid accumulation in the body tissues (more in the feet, ankles and fingers) and the build up of blood in the systemic circuit (congestion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is left heart failure? What is it?

A

pulmonary congestion, fluid accumulation and swelling in the lungs and back up (overflow) of blood in the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

1 complete heartbeat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is systole?

A

heart contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is diastole?

A

heart relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Which part of the heart does most of the pumping work?

A

the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Explain the cardiac cycle.

A

1- atrial and ventricular diastole
2-atrial systole and ventricular diastole
3-atrial diastole and ventricular systole
-ventricles contract
-av valves closes
-semilunar valves open
-blood flow from ventricles into aorta and pulmonary trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What controls each heartbeat?

A

specialized self-excitable cardiac muscle cells that are part of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what does self-excitable mean?

A

can contract without signals from the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

true or false: cells of the cardiac conduction system have different intrinsic rates of contraction.

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Why do we need the SA node?

A

Or else it will be out of sync. we need coordinated contractions. it sets the pace of the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What’s special about the SA node?

A

it has the highest rate of depolarization (muscle contraction) and sets the pace for the entire heart. It is the pacemaker.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Cardiac muscle cells are electrically coupled by______ (contain gap junctions) between adjacent cells

A

intercalated disks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what do gap junctions do?

A

they connect cytoplasm of 2 cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What causes contractions?

A

Electrical impulses and depolarization of muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Why is it pausing at the AV node?

A

To make sure the atria have enough time to contract and to fully empty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

How does an artificial pacemaker work?

A

Sends electric shocks to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Why would someone need an artificial pacemaker?

A

If there is an issue with your pacemaker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What do implanted electrodes do?

A

send electrical impulses to cardiac muscle cells to regulate heart rate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are the factors that affect heart rate?(4)

A

1- two sets of nerves act on the SA node to increase or decrease heart rate.
2- hormones
3-body temperature
4- exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

How does two sets of nerves affect HR?

A

1- sympathetic nerves= increase HR
2- parasympathetic nerves= decrease HR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

How do hormones affect HR?

A

1-Epinephrine= increase HR
2- Thyroid hormones= increase HR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

How does body temperature affect HR?

A

-High body temp= increase HR
-Low body temp= decrease in HR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

How does exercises affect HR?

A

HR increases in response to exercise (increases metabolic needs to body)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What does ECG stand for?

what is it?

A

Electrocardiogram (flow of electricity through heart)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

True or False: Cells do not need to depolarize before they can be depolarized again

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is P-wave?

A

Depolarization of SA node and atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is QRS complex?

A

Ventricular depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is T-wave?

A

Ventricular repolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Where is atrial repolarization?

A

masked by QRS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Where does the AV node fire?

A

somewhere between P and Q

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is fibrillation or V-Fib?

what causes it?

A

Lack of adequate blood supply to heart caused by myocardial infarction that can cause V-Fib, an uncontrolled shuddering of the heart, making the heart useless as a pump.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what stop fibrillation? How?

A

Defibrillators stop fibrillation by delivering an electric shock that “resets” the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What do arteries do?

A

They carry blood away from heart (toward capillaries)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What do arteries branch into?

A

arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what do veins do?

A

carry blood toward the heart (away from capillaries)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What converges into veins?

A

Venules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What are capillaries?

A

-site of exchange (blood-tissue; tissue-blood)
-upstream end branches from arterioles
-downstream end converges into venules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What are the three main layers of artery and veins?

A

1-Tunica intima
2-Tunica media
3-Tunica externa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What is the tunica intima composed of?

A

1-Endothelium (simple squamous epithelium)
2-Subendothelial layer
3- Internal elastic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What is the tunica media composed of?

A

1- smooth muscle
2- elastic fibers
3- External elastic membrane

69
Q

what is the tunica externa composed of?

A

1-collagen fibers (connective tissue)
2-Vasa vasorum

70
Q

Why is the tunica media important?

A

Important for regulating the diameter of the vessel and supporting the pressure

71
Q

capillaries consists only of which layer?

A

tunica intima

72
Q

What differences do you notice between arteries and veins?

A

-The smooth muscle layer is much thicker in the artery than in the vessel
-The shape of the artery is circular while the veins don’t have as much structure so they collapse more easily since less smooth muscle

73
Q

Where does exchange with tissue happen?

A

In the capillaries (only)

74
Q

What type of tissue lines the tunica intima?

A

the simple squamous epithelium

75
Q

what does tunica intima do?

A

They minimizes resistance to blood flow

76
Q

what is the purpose of tunica media?

A

for strength, movement and elasticity

77
Q

What is the purpose of tunica externa?

A

For support and protection

78
Q

What is the difference between the arteries and veins in the lumen? what’s the reason?

A

The lumen is larger in veins because of low peripheral resistance ( low pressure= easier to go to heart)

79
Q

What is the difference between the arteries and veins in the tunica media? what’s the reason?

A

The tunica media is thicker in the artery to withstand high pressure

80
Q

What is the difference between the arteries and veins in the tunica externa? what’s the reason?

A

The tunica externa is thicker veins to provide support since they don’t have a thick layer of smooth muscle

81
Q

What is the difference between the arteries and veins in the elastic lamina? what’s the reason?

A

Elastic lamina is only found in arteries to withstand high pressure.

82
Q

What is the difference between the arteries and veins in the valves? what’s the reason?

A

Valves are only found in veins to facilitates return of blood to heart ( prevents back flow)

83
Q

Does blood pressure decreases as blood travels away from the heart ventricles? Why?

A

yes, because it counteracts resistance

84
Q

What does the contraction of skeletal muscles provides ?

A

a “milking” action to push blood back to the heart

85
Q

Valves close to ensure what?

A

blood only moves in one direction (towards the heart)

86
Q

Where does blood flow the slowest through? Why?

A

Slow flow in the capillaries to enhance exchange

87
Q

How is blood pressure measured?

A

The hydrostatic force that blood exerts on the vessel walls.
The force pushing against the wall of the vessel walls.

88
Q

What keeps blood moving?

A

The pressure gradient provides driving force from high pressure to low pressure.

89
Q

Are we measuring venous or arterial blood pressure?

A

Arterial because we get valuable information since pressure is very present.

90
Q

What’s the normal blood pressure?

A

120/70-80 mm Hg

91
Q

Systolic pressure is created by__?

A

ventricles contracted (high blood pressure)

92
Q

diastolic pressure is created by__?

A

ventricles relaxed (low blood pressure)

93
Q

What happens when blood pressure is too high?

A

could cause a stroke ( blood vessel damage)

94
Q

What happens when blood pressure is too low?

A

lose consciousness (inadequate tissue perfusion)

95
Q

What is used to measure blood pressure?

A

sphygmomanometer

96
Q

where do you break the flow of blood?

A

in the brachial artery

97
Q

How can heart rate be measured?

A

indirectly by measuring pulse

98
Q

What is a pulse?

A

pulse is the rhythmic stretching of arteries caused by contraction of the ventricles

99
Q

What causes the arteries to stretch?

A

peripheral resistance in arterioles

100
Q

how does peripheral resistance in arterioles causes the arteries to stretch?

A

it impedes (prevent) blood from exiting the arteries

101
Q

What are the four factors affecting blood pressure?

A

1- peripheral resistance
2-cardiac output
3- blood volume
4- vessel elasticity

102
Q

what does peripheral resistance depends on?

A

blood viscosity
total blood vessel length
blood vessel diameter

103
Q

what determines the diameter of the arterioles?

A

the vasocontriction/vasodilation of arterioles which is controlled by action of nerve impulses, hormones and other chemicals on the smooth muscle surrounding the vessels

104
Q

what does nitric oxide do?

A

it causes vasodilation (it lowers blood pressure)

105
Q

what does endothelin do?

A

it causes vasoconstriction (it increases blood pressure)

106
Q

how does stress affect arterioles?

A

stress will cause vasoconstriction

107
Q

what is the effect of cardiac output on blood pressure?

A

an increase of cardiac output= increases pressure

108
Q

what is the effect of blood volume on blood pressure?

A

increase in blood volume= increase pressure

109
Q

what is the effect of vessel elasticity on blood pressure?

A

less elasticity= higher pressure (ex: arteriosclerosis)

110
Q

Cardiac output depends on 2 variables:___

A

1- stroke volume (volume of blood pumped out by ventricles during each contraction)
2- heart rate

111
Q

how does stress affect blood pressure?

A

more stress= increase blood pressure

112
Q

how can you exercise without passing out or having a stroke?

A

during exercise, increase in cardiac output and decrease in peripheral resistance.

113
Q

If blood pressure is low in veins compared to arteries, how can venous return= cardiac output?

A

resistance of arterioles and capillaries dissipates (make disappear) the pressure generated by the pumping heart

114
Q

What are the three factors that increase venous return?

A

1- skeletal muscle pump
2-Respiratory pump
3-Lumens of veins are wider than arteries

115
Q

how does skeletal muscle pump increase venous return?

A

skeletal muscles and valves provide a ‘milking’ action to keep blood moving towards the heart.

116
Q

how does respiratory pump increase venous return?

A

When breathing, the thoracic cavity decreases and the pressure in vena cava and right atrium decreases

117
Q

how does lumens of veins increase venous return?

A

wider= less resistance to flow/ low peripheral resistance

118
Q

What also account for some movement of blood?

A

Rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle in the walls of veins and venules

119
Q

What is the smallest blood vessels in the body?

A

capillaries

120
Q

how much at any given time does you capillaries have blood flowing through them?

A

5-10%

121
Q

which parts of the body are usually filled to capacity?

A

brain, liver capillaries, heart, kidney

122
Q

Who controls the flow of blood through capillary beds?

A

constriction of arterioles and precapillary sphincters (rings of smooth muscle)

123
Q

What would blood flow look like right after a meal?

A

more blood flow to digestive system

124
Q

True or False: blood cells and proteins cross the capillary.

A

False, they are too large to cross (and should not)

124
Q

How do molecules cross capillaries?

A

bulk flow through clefts between endothelial cells due to fluid pressure

125
Q

What does the amount and direction of fluid flow depends on?

A

1- hydrostatic pressure: fluid pressing against wall (due to blood pressure) “pushing out”
2- osmotic pressure: non-diffusible plasma proteins pull water into capillary “sucking in”

126
Q

how much do venous end reabsorb fluid?

A

85% of fluid is reabsorbed

127
Q

Where does the remaining 15% of fluid go?

A

They are returned to the blood via the lymphatic system

128
Q

What is the difference between the lymphatic and cardiovascular system?

A

lymphatic is not a circuit. It just cuts off in places. They intermingle amongst capillaries and vessels

129
Q

how are fluids that leak from the capillaries into the ISF returned to the blood?

A

by the lymphatic system

130
Q

what flows through a network of lymphatic vessels and has a composition similar to ISF?

A

Lymph

131
Q

Where does the lymphatic system drain into?

A

the cardiovascular system via the subclavian veins.

132
Q

How does fluid enter the lymphatic system?

A

by diffusing into lymphatic capillaries

133
Q

In the lymphatic system, what do valves and skeletal muscle do?

A

valves= prevent back flow
skeletal; muscle= pushes fluid towards the heart

134
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

bean-shaped organs located at intervals along the lymphatic system ( filled with white blood cells)

135
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

it carries blood cells, cell fragments, nutrients, metabolic wastes, respiratory gases, and hormones around the body.

136
Q

What is the composition of plasma?

A

1-90% water
2- Ions (electrolytes)
3- Plasma proteins

137
Q

what do ions do?

A

-osmotic balance
-functioning of muscles and nervous system
-pH buffering

138
Q

what do plasma proteins do?

A

-osmotic balance
-pH buffering
-viscosity of blood
-Transport of water insoluble lipids
-immunity (antibodies)
-blood clotting (ex: fibrinogen)

139
Q

What is plasma without clotting factors called?

A

serum

140
Q

What is the structure of erythrocytes?

A

-biconcave disc ( to increase surface area to transport and carry stuffs)
-no nuclei (more space for hemoglobin)
-no mitochondria
-contains 250 million molecules of hemoglobin

141
Q

each hemoglobin is made of how many protein?

A

made of 4 polypeptides that can bind 4 molecules of O2.

142
Q

what form part of the heme group? what does it bind?

A

iron atoms form part of the heme group that binds oxygen

143
Q

what does hemoglobin bind?

A

oxygen and nitric oxide

144
Q

what does nitric oxide cause?

A

it causes vasodilation which relaxes capillary walls to help delivery of O2 into cells

145
Q

What are the functions of leukocytes?

A

1- effectors of the immune system (fight pathogens)
2- spend most of the time patrolling the interstitial fluid and lymphatic system

146
Q

what do neutrophils and monocytes do?

A

they phagocytes that engulf and digest bacteria and cell debris

147
Q

what do lymphocytes do?

A

develop into specialized B cells and T cells

148
Q

What are basophils and eosinophils involved in?

A

they are involved in the allergic response

149
Q

which white blood cells are part of granulocytes?

A

NEB
neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil

150
Q

which white blood cells are part of agranulocytes?

A

LM
lymphocyte, Monocyte

151
Q

what is the function of platelets?

A

blood clotting

152
Q

How is clotting initiated?

A

when endothelium of a vessel is damaged and connective tissue in the wall is exposed to blood.

153
Q

what is hemophilia? what does it cause?

A

An inherited defect in any step of the clotting process
causes excessive bleeding from even minor cuts and bruises

154
Q

what causes spontaneous clotting?

A

platelets clump with fibrin within a blood vessel forming a thrombus

155
Q

where are blood cells produced?

A

in bone marrow

156
Q

where do all cells develop from?

A

pluripotent stem cells in the red marrow of bones

157
Q

what is leukemia?

A

a type of blood cancer involving the elevated production of abnormal white blood cells.

158
Q

what are the treatments of leukemia?

A

-to destroy a patient’s bone marrow and replace it with bone marrow from a healthy person.

159
Q

what is arteriosclerosis?

A

the thickening and hardening of an artery wall.

160
Q

what is the process of atherosclerosis?

A

1- plaques develop in the inner wall of the artery

2- (plaque) formation is due to an inflammatory response that is initiated by deposition of lipoproteins in the vessel wall

3- the process takes several years and causes the vessel to narrow down and harden

4-plaques can rupture and promote the formation of a thrombus

161
Q

what are the risk factors of atherosclerosis?

A

1- hypertension
2- LDL decrease and HDL increase

162
Q

what is a heart attack?

A

the death of cardiac muscle tissue caused by prolonged blockage of one or more coronary arteries

163
Q

what is a stroke?

A

the death of nervous tissue in the brain caused by the blockage of an artery or a leaking/burst blood vessel in the brain

164
Q

In both a heart attack and stroke tissue dies due to lack of _____.

A

oxygen

165
Q

what is angina pectoris?

A

If a coronary artery is partially blocked, a person may feel occasional chest pain because part of the heart is not receiving enough blood.

166
Q

What substance forms a mesh to trap RBCs and platelets in the clotting process?

A

Fibrin

167
Q

what is the main characteristic of hemophilia?

A

excessive bleeding

168
Q

what prevents spontaneous clotting?

A

anticlotting factors

Human Physiology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions