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Human Physiology > Lecture 3: nutrition > Flashcards

Lecture 3: nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

After proteins are broken down to amino acids, what are they used for?

A

used for biosynthesis

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2
Q

Why do we need to eat food?

A

Required to maintain favourable internal conditions.

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3
Q

list the internal conditions?

A

Growth, physiological processes, reproductive, regulation, maintenance and repair

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4
Q

Why do we need energy for?

A

Chemical reactions, vitamins, building blocks for biomolecules.

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5
Q

Cellular respiration is the oxidation of…

A

the step-by-step oxidation of carbs, fats and proteins

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6
Q

What is metabolic rate?

A

It is an amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time.

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7
Q

What are calories?

A

How much energy you can get based on the food, the carbs and proteins

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8
Q

What is basic metabolic rate (BMR)?

A

metabolic rate of a non-growing endotherm at rest, on an empty stomach and in the absence of stress.
simplified: the minimum energy required for you to stay alive with nothing in your system and no stress.

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9
Q

What increases the metabolic rate?

A

any activity that is not a basic physiological processes.

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10
Q

Name all factors that can affect the metabolic rate. (10)

A
  1. physical activity
  2. stress
  3. Age
  4. Sleep
  5. Biological sex
  6. Genetics
  7. Body Mass
  8. Environmental temperature
  9. Hormones
  10. Muscle Mass
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11
Q

true or false: the more muscles you have, the higher the metabolic rate

A

True

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12
Q

What happens when we take in more calories than are required to meet our metabolic rate?

A

The energy is stored

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13
Q

excess fuel is stored in the body for short term and long term. Name how they are stored.

A

short term: glycogen in liver and mucles
long term: Fat in adipose tissue
glucose wil be converted into fat if glycogen stores are full.

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14
Q

Which energy storage is used to maintain blood sugar levels?

A

liver glycogen

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15
Q

Which energy storage is used to provide muscles with energy during exercises?

A

muscle glycogen

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16
Q

When is fat used?

A

When glycogen stores have been depleted(used up).

17
Q

What is the best thing that works for weight loss? why?

A

Calories deficits since it will use fat as fuel

18
Q

what are essential nutrients?

A

nutrients that can’t be synthesized in the body and must come from food

19
Q

Name the essential nutrients.

A

1- essential amino acids
2- vitamins
3-minerals
4-essential fatty acids

20
Q

True or false: we eat vegetables for energy

A

False, for their vitamins and minerals.

21
Q

What is undernourishment?

A

the diet does not have enough calories

22
Q

Explain the stages during undernourishment.

A

First, glycogen is used- fat is used- then proteins are used for fuel- muscles decrease in size- brain will become protein-deficient- death

23
Q

What is overnourishment?

A

excessive calorie intake

24
Q

What is malnourishment?

A

When one or more essential nutrients are missing.

25
Q

When does protein deficiency occur?

A

When diet does not include all of the essential amino acids.

26
Q

Are animal products a complete source of proteins?

A

yes

27
Q

How do hormones regulate appetite?

A

They act on the satiety center in the brain and these feed-back mechanisms regulate body weight around a set point.

28
Q

which hormone comes from adipose tissue?

A

Leptin

29
Q

What are the effects of leptin?

A

-decreases appetite
-increases energy expenditure

30
Q

Which hormone is found in small intestine?

A

PYY

31
Q

What is the effect of PYY?

A

decreases appetite

32
Q

Which hormone is secreted from the pancreas?

A

insulin

33
Q

What is the effect of insulin?

A

decreases appetite

34
Q

Which hormone is found in stomach wall?

A

Ghrelin

35
Q

What is the effect of ghrelin?

A

increases appetite

36
Q

organic fuel molecules are oxidize to produce what?

A

ATP

Human Physiology (9 decks)

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