lecture 6- Reading disorders

Question 1

Wht ia dyslexia

Answer 1

a reading disorder- of atypical readers

Question 2

what are the 2 types of dyslexia

Answer 2

acquired
- problems caused by brain damage - reading was initially typical

developmental

• decoding problems despite an intact brain - usually becomes obvious during childhood
• developing well except for decoding issues

Question 3

name and explain the 3 types of acquired dyslexia

Answer 3

Surface dyslexia
– Good at reading regular words and non-words
– Bad at reading irregular words
– Direct route in DRC model seems to be damaged

• Phonological dyslexia
– Good at reading familiar words
– Bad at reading unfamiliar words and nonwords
– Indirect route (grapheme-phoneme correspondence route) in DRC model
seems to be damaged

• Deep dyslexia
– Good at reading familiar words
– Bad at reading unfamiliar words and nonwords
– Characteristic semantic errors: read “kitten” as /cat/
– Confuse visually similar words
– Morphological errors (adding prefix/suffix)

Question 4

explain surface dyslexia

Answer 4

Good at reading regular words and non-words
– Bad at reading irregular words
– Direct route in DRC model seems to be damaged

Question 5

explain phonological dyslexia

Answer 5

– Good at reading familiar words
– Bad at reading unfamiliar words and nonwords
– Indirect route (grapheme-phoneme correspondence route) in DRC model
seems to be damaged

Question 6

explain deep dyslexia

Answer 6

Good at reading familiar words
– Bad at reading unfamiliar words and nonwords
– Characteristic semantic errors: read “kitten” as /cat/
– Confuse visually similar words
– Morphological errors (adding prefix/suffix)

Question 7

how does the DRC model relate to surface dyslexia

Answer 7

direct route in DRC model seems to be damaged

Question 8

how does the DRC model relate to surface dyslexia

Answer 8

indirect route (grapheme phoneme correspondence route) in DRC model seems to be damaged

Question 9

how does the DRC model relate to deep dyslexia

Answer 9

reason why drc model has a seperate semantic part - lexicon still works but connection between meaning and visual representation has been impacted

Question 10

what is the Phonological deficit hypothesis to dyslexia

Answer 10

Children with dyslexia usually have
problems with grapheme-phoneme
correspondence
– But is this the cause of their problems or just a
symptom of general reading difficulties?
– Do dyslexics just have a problem with auditory
processing in general?
• Dyslexic readers seem to have normal categorical
perception of phonemes (Joanisse et al., 2000)

Question 11

what does the Phonological deficit hypothesis to dyslexia suggest about their categorical perceoption

Answer 11

• Dyslexic readers seem to have normal categorical
perception of phonemes (Joanisse et al., 2000)

• hear normally and can process- just when graphemes are involved they have an issue

Question 12

describe binocular disparity

Answer 12

your eyes dont focus on exact location
As long as the two fixation locations are close
enough together, your visual system fuses the
image and you are fine
– If the eyes are too far apart, you get double
vision (not good)

Question 13

describe how binocular disparity relates to dyslexia

Answer 13

• maybe dyslexics have issues as cant coordinate their eyes like typical readers

Question 14

describe the magnocellular theory of dyslexia

Answer 14

• info from retina goes through two streams- these are processed in different parts of th LGN

all go through area V1 an projected to the Ventral and dorsal pathways

at the Magnocellular pathway - this controls depth/ option/ Binocular coordination

• maybe BC is impacted in Dyslexics
• dont align their eyes properly on the text= slower reading

Question 15

describe Kirby et al 2011 study on binocular disparity

Answer 15

• eye tracking task of dot scanning vs reading

- look at how close the eyes are together when doing dot task or reading task

Question 16

what predictions are made by kirby et al 2011

Answer 16

The magnocellular theory would have
predicted that dyslexic children should have
binocular coordination problems regardless
of the task.

Question 17

what are the findings of kirby et al 2011

Answer 17

higher disparity in reading task than dot

=already knew that higher cognitive loads increase disparity

therefore conclude that reading difficulty causes the disparity not the other way round